THE
HISTORY OF INDIA.
VOL. IV.— PART II.
MOGHUL EMPIRE— AURAXGZER.
THE
HISTORY OF INDIA
FROM THE EARLIEST AGES.
J. TALBOTS WHEEL EH,
IU'RITaIY TO THE CBIXT C» MIEICDmi Or EUITISB REVA;
tATIt 4aHfU*f itOftCtAlIT lO THE <*»V’KkXMfcA7 OF |X0l.| IX TUW
roiiiiox sufAinxm.
avykor or mg ‘‘t&amiiiY 09 nrwocmm / 4 «Tr- uc.
VOL IV.— PART II.
MOGHUL UMPIRE— AURA NGZEH.
LONDON:
TKttBNER & CO. LCDGATE HILL
XDCCCUXX1
[PA* n$Af 0 } TYttnifitvoi h
PREFACE.
fur. present publication (Yol. IV. Par*, ii.) completes
the fourth volume of tlie History of India. At the
same time it completes the history of Hindu and
Muhammadan rule which preceded the establishment
of Briti'h rule. The portion thus brought to a cltae
may be described ns both ancient and modern. It
begins with the earliest dawn of Sanskrit legend, and
ends with the downfall of the Moghul Empire, about
cho middle o: the eighteenth century. Yol. I. deals
with the Yedic hymns and the Sanskrit epic known
is the Malm Bharata ; Yol. II. with the Sanskrit epic
of the Kamdraua and the Laws and Institutions of
*
Munu; Yol. III. with the history of India during the
Hindu, Buddhist, and Brab manic periods. These tliiec
volumes cover a period which can only bo imperfectly
mapped out by chronology, as they deal with a re-
mote antiquity, whilst overlapping much of modern
times. YoL IV. is more defiuito. It comprises the
history of Muhammadan rule in India, from tho Arab
couquest3 in the eighth century down to the eve of
British conquest in the eighteenth; a period of a
PREFACE.
thousand years, corresponding to the interval in Eng-
lish history between the later ware of the Heptarchy
and the accession of George the Third.
Muhammadan rule in India is an important, era in
the history of the world, inasmuch as it intervenes
between the idolatry of Hindus and the professed
Christianity of Englishmen. The annals of early
Muhammadan conquest are, perhaps, of comparatively
minor importance. Arabs, Turks, and Afgliaus were
mostly bent on plundering temples and breaking down
idols, but they could not crush out the old mytho-
logical worship of the Hindus, or establish the reli-
gion of the Korun OS the dominant faith of the
masses. Kingdoms were created by the sword and
maintained by the sword ; but there was no cohesion
between the Muhammadan rulers and the Hindu
population Co ensure the permanence of Muhammadan
dominion.
The Moghul Empire, which was established in India
Juriug the sixteenth century, was based upon a totally
different policy. Akbar, tlio contoin]K>mry of Queen
Elizabeth, was the real founder of the empire. Al-
though u Muhammadan in name, and for some years
a Muhammadan by profession, he introduced a new
system of religious toleration and equality of creeds,
which was unknown to previous Muhammadan princes,
and, indeed, was repugnant to the fundamental prin-
ciples of the Mulianiniudun religion. Akbar trampled
on the exclusiveness of the Korun, threw oii' the eccle-
siastical domination of the l laind, raised Hindus as
well as Muhammadans to the highest offices in the
PREFACE.
Vil
state, and, finally, affected to be not only a temporal
sovereign, but uu incarnation of deity, l.’iglit or
wrong, the policy of Abkar secured for a wliile tlie
cohesion, and, consequently, the permnueuce, of thu
-Moghul Empire, ami maintained it intact through
the reigns of his two immediate successors, Jehaugir
and Shah Jeban.
The history of Muhammadan rule in India, from
the early Arab conquests in Scinde down to the end
of the reign of Shall Jelian, lias already been treated
in Part I. of the present volume. Part II., which i'
now submitted to the public, denis with the violent
reaction of bigotry aud intolerance which character-
ised the reign of Aurangzeli, tho son and successor
of Shah Julian. Aurangzeb professed to be a Sunni
-Muhummuilan of the strictest type. He gained the
throne by hypocrisy and murder, and then lavished
the strength and treasures of the empire iu the hope-
less attempt to crush out idolatry and heterodoxy,
and to establish the religion of tho Koran us the
dominant faith of the people of Judin. Thun followed
popular tumults, Eajpfit revolts, and Jlnhratta up-
risings, which sapi«i'd the vitality of tho Moghul
Empire, uiwl rendered it- an easy prey to inlernul
enemies and foreign invaders.
The present hull* of the fourth volume is thus
devoted to the reign of Aumngzeb, under whom the
Moghul Empire reached its zenith, and the reigns <•!'
liis successors, under whom the empire declined and
fell, it covers au eutiro century, beginning with the
accession of Aurangzeb in lGa8, the year of the death
ViU
ntEFAGB.
rtf Oliver Cromwell, and ending joat before tbo rise
of British dominion in India in the early years of
George III. It. thus deals with a period of peculiar
interest to Euglish readers namely, the ol.l com-
mercial era, when India was still governed by its
native princes, whilst the Late East India Company
was exclusively occupied with its trading transac-
tions at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay, and bad not
ay yet begun to aspire after territorial aggrandise-
ment or political power.
The reigu of Aumngzeb is not generally familiar
to English readers. Previous Moghul sovereigns had
been anxious to hand down the story of their lives
to future generations, hut Aumngzeb was induced to
issue an edict strictly forbidding his subjects from
writing the annals of h:s reign. The reasons for this
strange prohibition are explained iu the accompany-
ing History; 1 but the consequence has been that the
materials furnished by Muhammadan writers for deal-
ing with the reign of Aumngzeb ore meagre and
unsatisfactory. Fortunately the deficiency has been
supplied in some measure by the old records of the
Madras Government, and Catron's History of the
Moghul Empire, which was based upon tho contem-
porary memoirs of Manonchi, the Venetian physician,
who resided for nearly fifty years iu India, and was
for u long time in the service of the Moghul. The
Madras records were investigated by the author in
1860-6! under the instructions of Sir Charles Tre-
* Clap. .ii. png* 301.
PREFACE.
IX
velyan.wbo was at that timo Governor. ? The memoir*
of Manouchi have boon already described in the Pre-
fane to Part I.; but it may be added, on the authority
of the Madras records, that duriug tlie latter years
of the reign of Aurougzcb, Mauouchi took up hia
abode at Madras, where he was much respected I\v
tho English, aud employed ou more than one occasion
in presenting petitions to the Moghul in behalf of the
East India Company’s servants at Fort Sr. George . 1
There is one other feature in the pre.>eut half
volume to which attention may he drawn. The
ninth chapter, which deals with the state of civilisa-
tion in the Moghul Empire, mainly consists of the
evidence of European travellers who sojourned in
India at diiferent intervals in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries. Romo account of these travel-
lers will be found in the chapter in question. It will
suffice, in the prescut place, to mention the names
of Terry, Della Valle, Tavernier, Thevenot, Fryer,
Hamilton, and Kuretens Niebuhr, as amongst rhe
most competent and trustworthy eyewitnesses of the
condition of die people of Iudia, iu addition to those
who have been already brought under review in Part
I. of the present volume.
The remaining portion of the present History will
' 'he rutlU Ilf lima mm pabU'fcfi ai Mudiva In 1S41-62,
In tiraa niUaw, «m*U 4io, under tin lido at "Uvliu in Ilia 01dm Time,
Comjile,! Itooi Ofioill Keo.-»d*. '
* Toe lutiw 1* VO U- Mr. V. Trlltetr, fcr > c»|.y cl
Ftlbar C«u.u< HuUej o! Ilia Itaign o( Aciangnb, Lot Uva m-mcin.
nriiui, in Pec'.oiuifr. *lixh MunoucU mi u, Bniapa in iht txgl£i.i£g <A
lie Ur. wnt-ry, have im u y«i l—n dkwnrtd.
X
PREPACK.
comprise time of British India, and will deni with the
rise and growth of British power, and progress of
British administration and legislation, from the
earliest settlements of the late East India Company
in India down to our own time.*
Wtrn.li, Emu,
Dectmlxr isift
* In I'jit t. of th. (uraanl rolum. Iha author npieuoj th* opinion tint
t>« VkIIo Aryan* iHwibl* prove to turn bon Moghul* j md u tld*
hypothecs li» in *5 ultb mine opjoiilin o, be would t.k. tbit opporinity D f
furrJihiug additional grourJi fur u i-leing at ouch a cockIubko. During a
k-M.m* U Burma U found that the Burma.., who uu uaquutluu.ldy
Mojh-.il*, alii] otrriih th- truhtiom ind worth ip of th* Voilio g»dt. Ttry
aio Buddhl.t* j but te> ihe tut diy of every now joxr they celebrate sit
li-icont of I mini la tbiir tupulu fungi totj Iwplor* India and tta tdt*r
Vedio guie, apvtUly Brahma, to l..lp Own. in tlimr Uotibln. A» Muduay
be f-nnd that Ibo King «' Bum» uiou™.l Rnlkmwf at b:v ovart ; tb.t
un m»M cotukae tho? Biiaauua dulled byaina wblti memblcil Voilu
trmni. SuUoqueatly bo found ik»t tba HcgfauS Rtoi la Uppor Alla, la
th* uelghbourbaid of tb* Alu.i numoU'Di, pr-imted wiue and fowl in Vwlip
fultiaa to fir-, air, water, end gbeeea: tbot tb«r prirsu, like DnOiBUEd,
w.s. ekillnl in nituOMny, ftoetota «li|i«*, and rat n»U« ItUi ; that lh.y kid
dily ionite, hks Hindu y»yf«, wbo perform .d mind*. by virtu, of tUir
lUKtlty and pot an. Panning till" Inquirin, fe* fonnd tbit Sir Henry
RauUsMo hid *wov*red thit tbe language uf the ancient Scythians w«a
Aryan, ud ho diM It ptuiblo that th. Mcgbule, who in di-wmhinl. of
■MifOt Soytblim, won Aiycix likowie*. It wa* on then data tbit be pn-
noanoil It Ukdy that tho Migbuta and tie Valle Aryans had a common
««**
Father Rubroqui* statu in hit Tr.r.1. amnagit tb. Tartar, in tho thirteenth
routiiry that tb. Moghul* regarded themtrtuM u a nwetslgn tribe. I’oulUy
they may bar. been d-xouUu. front tb. mill Scytblam dwnbid by Hira*
iutu. It ii equally pauibl. tint lb.y m.y hav. bun origioflly an Aryan
Colony, who Lid locabluked a oupiemioy cm a Toraalin or non. Aryan
fOijfc. It la cartiin that tho two taco* of Tirrki and Uogkult havo Ub in
aalas'iniwn from a very tiauit. p«liJ; »b.y ha., wigwl p*rp»tuil war
igairot c«h other, 7L. Turk, aro tho ocadra Chili-ru of tbe iioon, and t>
>b» d*y Uity carry tb* crocoit oo thoir imndard. 'Ib* liogbult am th* to.
called Children of the Suo, and to (hi* day Uwy carry a jmcoci <o tbnr
•uraiard. A petewk of goal aod jowola lAutd om tio throne of tho Xoghul
Emperor Shah J.hw, and i ptatetk it fall tbe eUndud uf tho Mogkul kiaga
of EarmA.
CONTEXTS.
CHAPTER V1L
UOGHlTt. EMKBE: AUIUSGZEB* A.J>. IG^S
70 1707. — first
rtm01> : AdUXCZBB AT DELHI, A.D.
1653 to 1661.
Terror* of Anmngzeb
•
321
Shcrif of Meoci
. .
322
Aumnjrz>?b Padishah
. .
ib.
Temporising policy .
. •
ib.
Leanings towards Hinduism
. .
323
Lmniug4 toward a the Korun
. «
ib.
Edict agaitut nmfcodiios .
• •
324
Musicians suppressed
. •
325
Dancing-girls roppmsed .
. •
ib.
Muhammadan taints .
a a
ib.
Rebel Sni ton s ....
. .
326
Punishment of Son ton*
lb.
Rum of Shiah grandees .
. a
ib.
Spy system •
• •
327
Boasted reforms ....
• .
ib.
Dealings with Slink Jehan
• •
328
Spite Against a tutor
. •
ib.
The tutor’s audience .
. .
320
AurAngzcbs lecture
• .
ih.
Uselees learning
. .
ib.
True knowledge .
• •
ib.
Condemnation
• •
320
Secret malice ....
• •
ib.
Bslkh embassy
*
831
The Dekhan ....
• •
ib.
Geography .
a
ib.
Muhammadan Bekhan
• •
ib.
Bljdpur and Golkocda
. •
332
CONTESTS
• •
All
Rise of MahratMs
•
•
•
aaa
The Konhan ....
■
4
ib.
Origin of Sivaji . . .
•
4
4
33.1
Character of Sivaji
•
•
ih.
Treachery ami assassination
■
•
4
334
AumngttVa alliance with Sivaji
•
4
ib.
AmirJumla ...
•
•
4
333
Shaista Khan and Junrant Singh
4
4
ib.
Broken faith . . .
4
4
•
ib.
Coronation-day
•
•
030
Mahratta revenge
4
•
4
ib.
Moghul panic
•
4
ih.
Rajpiii connivance
t
4
4
337
Mahralta atrocities .
4
4
ih.
Auraugzel/j Eckr.Rcc
4
•
•
S3S
Ainliilon of Rovihan IiaiEogam
4
ib.
Seraglio intrigue*
•
4
4
ib.
Shall Alam, the crown prince
•
4
339
Jai Singh
•
•
•
ib.
Rajpilt caution
4
•
ib.
Grander* overawed
4
•
•
310
Aurangieb’a recovery
•
ib.
Public audience .
•
4
ib.
Aurangzeb’a suspicion* of his sister .
•
.
311
Counteraction
4
•
4
ib.
Aurangeeb’a daughters
•
4
ib.
Seraglio scandal* .
•
4
•
343
Marriage of Aurangwb’a daughter* .
4
4
ib.
PoUon ....
4
•
•
343
Fakhr-u-NisA
•
311
Preparations for Kashmir
•
•
4
ib.
Renewed terrors of Aurangseb .
•
4
ib.
Persian embassy ,
•
%
315
Contemplated patricide
4
•
ib.
Remonstrances .
4
•
A
ib.
Sore strata ....
w
4
•
V
316
Alarm at Agra .
4
4
•
iu.
Sinister designs
4
ib.
Death of Shah Johan
A
A
347
Grave suspicions
w
W
4
4
ib.
Funeral at Agra .
t
•
•
ib.
CONTENTS.
MU
SECOND PERIOD: AUTtANOTEB AT KASHMIR, DELHI, AND
KABUL, A.D. 1864 TO 16S0.
MC JC
Ambitious dreams
• •
a
34S
European settlements .
•
•
•
I’d.
Privileged traders and interlopers
. •
•
3411
European piracy
•
(
•
ib.
Moghul marine .
• •
a
ib.
A -temp: and failure .
.
•
•
330
A warn expedition
• •
a
ib.
Chinese frontier
•
ib.
Moghul disasters .
• •
•
331
Retreat to Bengal
•
•
•
ih.
Aurangteb’s satisfaction ,
• •
•
ib.
Persian threatening .
•
•
ih.
Moghul embassy to Persia
• «
•
332
Aorungzeb’s wrath
•
•
a
353
Death of Shall Abbas
• •
a
ib.
Maliratto affairs
•
•
a
ib.
Sivnji outwitted .
• •
a
ib.
Deception
-
a
a
334
Treachery
•
•
ib.
Siviyi at Delhi
»
•
■
ib.
AurangwVs guile .
• »
a
ib.
Sir nji’s mortification .
•
•
•
335
Sivaji’e audience .
a 4
a
ib.
Wrath of the Mabrntta
•
a
•
ib.
Self-control of Aurang2eb
• •
e
336
Siraji entrapped . .
«
a
a
ib.
Tho escape
a a
a
ib.
Disgnst of Aurangaeb
•
•
•
307
New schemes
• •
ih.
Sham rebellion
•
w
a
ib.
Sinister objects .
a •
ih.
Sham treachery
a
a
e
333
More artifice
•
a
ih.
Success
•
■
•
ib.
Rebel agreement .
a a
•
ih.
Wahratia suspicion
•
a
a
359
Sham proelatn&liona
• a
a
lb.
Sivaji’s discovery
•
a
a
ib.
Moghul foiled
• •
a
ib.
XIV
CONTENTS.
Plot explodes ....
.
•
ram
300
Shah Alain disarmed .
* *
ib.
Dekhan entanglement
.
•
lb.
Auraugxrh prohibit history : reliant;*
• •
361
Afghan affaire .
•
362
Mnghul invasion of Kabul
• •
ib.
Afghan strategy .
•
♦
ih.
Attack in the Khaibar
• .
ib.
Moghul disaster ....
•
363
Changes at Pethavrar .
• •
ib.
Tranquillity ....
•
•
ib.
AGttSoo from Mecca .
• •
364
The Christian mil tana
•
•
ib.
Aoran grab's favourite .
• .
ih.
File** in the wraglio
•
3G5
Mishap of tbs favourite
• •
ib.
Convivial la iiea ....
•
#
ib.
Hindu risings ....
•
366
Aurangral/s raigfo
•
•
ih.
Rebellion of the Afghans
• •
ib,
Another Shall Sfcttjn
•
•
3C7
Aurangzeb takes tile field
* •
ib.
Abu- nee of details
.
•
ib.
Treachery ....
• •
368
Festivities at Peshawar .
.
iU
Maisacrt* of Afghuns .
• •
ib.
Perfidy of Aumngxeb
•
.
363
Afghans paralysed
• •
ib.
Sivaji s success** .
•
iU
Earopcan affaire
* •
ih.
Bombay embassy to Sivaji
•
•
370
Coronation of Sirajt .
• •
ib,
Mahnr.ta frontier
•
•
ib.
Fryer’s visit ....
• •
371
Desolation
a
•
ih.
Sivaji at Madras
• •
ib.
Siraji’s return .
.
.
ib.
Last exploit* of Sivaji
• •
372
CONTENTS.
XV
rill IID riniOD: AURAXGZBr/S REUOIOra WARS,
A.D. 16*0 70 1707.
Changes in Anracgzeb .
•
r»n.
373
Destruction of idols and pagoda*
e e
•
373
Jerya levied
• •
•
lb.
Hindu appeal quashed
• •
■
371
Submission to the Jejya .
,
•
ib.
Jaipur pays Jetyn
• e
•
IK
Jodhpur redeems Jcsya .
e •
*
ib.
Aunuigzeb threatens Udaipur
• a
4
373
The Balm's defiance . .
,
•
ill.
Moghul preparations .
• e
e
ih.
Aravidli mountain*
•
370
Four Moghul armies .
• •
.
ib.
Aram Shah
• •
•
ib.
Aurangaeb’a disaster .
• •
•
ib.
R.«jl>th clemency .
•
•
377
Moghul ipite .
•
ib.
Wasted strength .
• e
4
ib.
Disaffection of Altbur .
• •
37$
Rajput plot
• t
4
ih.
The astrologer
• •
4
ib.
Warnings
• •
•
lb.
Awakening of Aurnngzrli
« •
•
IK
Artifice ....
.
•
379
Rajputs disappear
■ •
ib.
Akliar's (light
.
ib.
The escnpe .
• •
.
380
Game of craft
.
4
ib.
Humiliating pence with the Rana
. •
ib.
Moghul magnificence
• •
•
3$l
Imperial camp
• •
4
IK
Order of march .
• «
4
IK
Tit# Emperor .
• •
382
Camp followers .
• *
4
ib.
Pavilion* . .
•
•
ib.
Policy of life iu cutup
• •
4
lb.
Fruitless Mahrats* »an
e e
•
383
Mahratla resistance . .
• «
4
ib.
M.diru'.ta plots
• .
•
38!
Aumngzcb’s pitta
• •
4
ib.
XVI
CONTENTS.
Moghul minion to Goa .
. 3*4
Portuguese affair* . .
. 383
AUboj'p ahipbuilding •
. ib.
Portuguese disaster* . • • •
38$
Moghul treachery ....
. ib.
Tiro4kttl policy . • .
iU
Sham wai8 .....
. 387
Go)kon<U .....
ib.
BQiptir ......
. ib.
Intrigues of salunas ....
388
Intriguce of Auruug2<Va throe iodi
. ib.
Imprisonment of Shah Alain •
. ib.
Treacherous capture of Golkoniln
. ib.
Last Muhratta tvar* ,
389
Sarabbaji a victim ....
. ib.
Death of Auroogzeb ....
390
Character and policy ....
. ib.
CHAPTER VIII
1IOGHC1 EXPIRE : DECLINE AND PALL, ,'.D. 1707 IO 1701.
Bahadur Shah, 1707-13
392
The Christian aulunm ....
. ib.
Rajputs “forgiven" ....
ik
Tbe Sikh.
. 393
Nanuk Guru .....
ib.
Sikh brotherhood* ....
. ib.
Tugh Bahadur .
ih.
Guru Govind ....
. 394
Moghul capital at Lahore
. il\
Shiahs repressed .....
ib.
Johandar Shall, 1712 ....
ih.
Vioea of the new Emperor . .
. 395
Scandal
. ib.
Imolcnco of Zahra ....
. ib.
Paramount authority of the Vizier .
396
Shiah revolt in Bengal ....
• ib.
M order of the Vizier .
ib.
Jnnukh Siyar, 1712-20 .
. 397
Breach with ihe two Sajyid* .
ib.
CONTEXTS,
XVU
r * r
War against Joihpur
•
S97
Submission of Jodhpur
»
lb.
Enforced peace .....
•
393
Ssjyids discover treachery .
•
ib.
Rupture »nd reconciliation
•
ib.
RajpdL marriage ....
•
399
More treachery .....
•
ib.
Emperor warned ....
•
ib.
Dadd Khan and the Malimttns .
•
ib.
Defeat and death ofDidd lilian
•
ib.
Emperor mortified ....
•
400
SobdIs and Slitalu ....
•
ib.
Shiah outbreak at Dolhi ....
•
401
Deuh of Guru Govind
•
ib.
Massacre of Sikhs under Eandu Cum .
402
Fall of Amir , lamia ....
•
ih.
English miBJton at Delhi ....
•
403
Alarxna at Delhi ....
.
ib.
Mahratta ravages .....
404
The cr&th .....
a
ih.
Mahratta night at Dclni ....
•
ib.
Farrukh Siyar deprio J
lb.
Puppet Emperor* .....
♦
405
Muhammad Shah, 1720-48 .
ib.
Troubled times .....
•
Ib.
Mahratta inroad* . 1
•
406
The Pcishwas ....
•
iU
Rise of Nadir Shah ....
•
407
Invasion of Nadir Shall, 173B-S0
•
ib.
Court rivalries ....
•
ib.
Malicious treason .....
•
ib.
Massacre* at Delhi . . . ,
•
403
Sack and desolation ....
•
ib.
Anarchy .....
•
409
Disaffection in the proviucea
■
ib.
Ahmad Shah Abdaii, the Afghan
•
ib.
Conclusion .....
4
410
SUPPLEMENT : HINDU ANNALS.
No Hindu historj in Moghul annals .
410
Unsatisfactory character of Hindu historic*
•
411
XViii CONTEXTS,
Fabulous origin of Hindu iy rustics
411
Antagonism between Brihiuons auJ Jains
•
412
Evidenced of the antagonism in tbc Uiniiyana
•
ih.
Ho tii religions awociaU*! with the dogma of the xnctcmp-
•ychosis .
♦
413
Chxrarter of RAvon.i a* a Jain or Buddhist
ih.
AnLigouism expreseed in Hindu legends
•
414
Modern Hindu annals •
•
il.
Annals of the Naiks of Madura
-
415
CHAPTER IX.
NOOHUL EMPIRE: 0CVIU8AT1WS, A.D. 1 GOO TO 1704.
Want of information respecting the people of India
•
4lli
Evidence of European travellers
•
.1.
Terry, 161IM8
•
417
Abundance of provisions
»
ib.
Trade and manufactures
•
418
Indian annoyances .
•
ib.
Civility of the people .
•
ih.
Journey from Surat to Mandu
•
41U
SeUicsncnt of a dispute
•
ib.
Rash Englishman •
•
420
Hill robbers; trustworthy guanla
•
ib.
Faitirfulncss of Mrcinta
•
421
Power of the Great Moglml
■
lU
Absence of written laws . t
•
422
Diversities in capital punishments
•
ib.
Frequent transfers of Viceroys
il-.
Kotwals and Kdzit ,
•
it-.
Piotro Della Valle, 1633-25 .
•
423
Sum: : Dutch and English factories ; hatred of the
For-
tuguvac .
•
ib.
Signora Mariuccia .
•
42*
PoJitotuta of Moghul custom-house ofliceis
•
ih.
Dutch marriages .
•
423
Adventures o: Donna Ducta, the Catholic captive
4
ib.
Religious toleration of JehangCr
•
42'G
Na’dve serranLs and slave*
•
ib.
Curiosity of Della Valle as regards the Hindus
m
ih.
'Worship of Pairatf in the form of a tree .
•
427
CONTEXTS.
XIX
F arm* of worship . •
Clrnpel for healing barren women
Rebellion of Shah Johan tt Agra .
Della Voile at Cambay .
Hoaivitai for birds and mice
Hospital for gcata, sheep, and cows .
Cow -kitting prohibited by the 3Iogte.it* .
Hindu Yogis .
Sick and outrage at Agra by Shall Jehan
Propose ti voyage to Goa ....
Story of GiLil, tlie converted Mnssubnon
Description of the island of Goa
City of Gca ; numerous churches and prte«s
Native papulation . - •
Poverty and pr.de of the Portuguese
Significant aqueamuhneas .
Learned Jetai: missionaries
Procession of the Holy Sacrament
Fleet courier from Madrid overland
Prod anil lion of Saint Teresa by tli« barefooted Carmelites
Feast of Saint John the Baptist; performance* uf iKe
Kauareae Christians ...
Canonisation of Ignatius and Xavier celebrated by the
Jesuits ......
Processiou of our Lord’s Passion
Multitude of procetaions and priests at Goa
Objections of Della Valle ....
Low tone of Christianity at G«>* ....
Embassy from Go* to the Bnja of Kanara
History of Soutliern Indio
Three Hindu empire : Tdiogo, Tamil, and Kanareae
Conversion of provinces into kingdoms and Xaiks into
Itejas . ...
Successful ware of Venk-tapa Xaik of Kxnara
Interference of war with tho pepper trade
Coasting voyage off B^japur territory .
Want of seamen ; Malabar pirates
Portuguese fort at Onore ....
Scandal a; Onoro *•-•••
Story of Venk-tapa Nalk and bis Muhammadan lnfctrets
Venk-tapa Naik pcqJexed at the Portuguese ambassador
tAtir.
427
ib.
ib.
423
ib.
in.
«K
•30
431
ib.
ib.
433
43J
ib.
iK
434
ill.
ib.
435
430
Ib.
437
ill.
43S
ib.
ib.
439
ib.
ib.
440
ib.
441
ilx
ib.
ib.
442
ib.
XX
CONTENTS.
Story of Garsopn ami the Queen of Pepper
Journey oTrr the Ghdts . •
Muhammadan ronimjiatlnni
Temple of llanumau, the monkey gi*l; division of offerings
Pilgmnngc of Iiatmtxian to the coast of Coromandel
Hindu female saint .
Visit of the Muhammadan commandant .
Hindu boys Irani ing arithmetic
Muhammadan mosque in Hindu territory
Temple of Varuua . . •
Ancient diadems, Egyptian and Homan Catholic
Procession at the temple of Varuna .
Ceremonial before the idol
Ikkeri, the capital of Kanara ....
Public audience at the palace of Yenk-tapa
Tne conference .....
Sioghig and dancing in honour of Gauri .
Swinging festival ; chariot* of the god* ; Jonganuis .
Extraordinary performances of a dancing-girl
Succession in the female hue ....
Procession of a widow prefatory to burning .
Great temple of Aghor«rara at Ikkeri
Grand pro-Medon of Brahmans and daccing gilla .
Celebration of the new moon ....
Della Valle's remarks ou Hiudu worship .
Procession and dancing at the ordination of a Jangnma
Kissing the fe*t of tlic Jarignran*
Dancing-girls visit the Portuguese Ambassador
DUmUeai of the embassy ....
Conviction of Galnl, the converted Mussulman
End of Gala!
Difficult!©* of travellers in Hiudu countries .
Portuguese port of Mangalore
Delia Valle's meeting with the Queen of Olaxa
Description of a Hindu queeu
Conference between the Hindu queen and tiie Roman
gentleman .
Story of the Queen of Oluza
Marriage with the lUja of Bu&ghel .
War. U:*c«i tbe Queen and -.lie Kaja ; interference of
ibe Portuguese and Veuk-lapa Kaik
■in
443
ib.
414
ib.
ib.
413
«b.
ib.
446
ib.
ib.
447
ilx
448
ib.
4 ID
ib.
450
ib.
ib.
451
ib.
452
ib.
453
ib.
454
ii..
455
ib.
406
ib.
457
ib.
ib.
438
ib.
lb.
45D
CONTENTS.
XXI
Reputed poisoning ....
•
rs-i
439
D«Jln Valle's visit to tho palace
•
iK
Muhninttadan sovereigns ....
•
460
Della Valle refines to trade in jewels or lionet
•
ib.
Misses the Queen of OImb
•
4C1
Visits the “ King of the Yogis "
•
ib.
Description of the king ....
•
402
Visits the Zsmorin of Calient .
•
fb.
City and bunr .....
•
ib.
Population of Malabar, Hindu and Muhammadan
t
403
Troubles of tho Zninorin ....
•
ib.
Della Valle nt sha /tarnorin - palace .
s
404
Fruitless negotiations ....
•
ib.
Naira of Malabar ....
465
Customs of Malabar Rajas
•
Ib.
Moghul outrage on the English
•
lb.
lavender, 1*41— GS ....
•
4 GO
Routes from Persia to India .
•
ib.
Extensive travels within tho limits of India
•
ib.
Comfortable travelling ; riding on oxon
s
4G7
Coaches drawn by oxen ....
•
ib.
Palau<tnine .....
46d
Guards of araiol soldier! ....
•
ib.
Mogbcl roads superior to Hindu roads
•
469
Provision! .....
•
ib.
Fortified towns ....
•
470
Fool.posis .....
•
ib.
Land carriage .....
•
ib.
Caravans of oxen .....
ib.
Manaris : foor tribe! of oxeti-diiier; .
•
471
Caste markt of the four tribe!
•
iK
Religion of the Munaris
•
473
Worship of the ser|Mtni ....
4
ib.
Caravans of waggons ....
•
iK
Poverty of Tavernier's details
•
473
Thevenot, 10M
■
iK
Custom-house a: Surat ....
•
474
Journey to Gurornt ; reported caiuiiUda
s
iK
Wandering Holies ....
4
ib.
Hindu pagoda turned iuto a moaijiic .
•
475
Uratiatea or Grassias ....
•
ib.
XX'.l
CONTEXTS.
CliahiBfl ; Uicir sacred character .
Thevenot disdain* to engage * Charon
Raja of ill© Gratiates ....
Administration of justice ....
Two Nawahs of Sural ....
Civil justfio administered l»y the N&W&h of the town
Crimiu.il justice by the Kotiral ,
Capital sentences reserved by Aurangzcb
Projection of the city
KotirnJ held responsible for all robberies
Tbo Foujdar of the district
Pinnder of Surat by Sivaji in 16G4
Sivaji'a visit to Delhi, lGdG
Wild beasts and Thugs ....
Malutar ©ountry : the X.iir aristocracy
Avomion of :bc Naira to Polca* .
Degradation of Polcas ....
Fryer, R57M1
Voyage to Madras ami M.uulipataiii
English factory at Maswlipatain
Native kontm»m .....
Eiigiish s|Mmking native ....
Hindu kingdoms south of the Kitina ; conquetu of tlio
Snlran of Golkonda ....
French capture St. Thorn* ....
French make war ou the Sultan .
Landing at Masulijiatnm ....
Fortress and town ....
Street^ lioutos, public building?, and bas.us .
Inhabitant* .....
Muhammadan ascendancy established over tl;« Hindus
during caste quarrel*
Reigning Sultan of Golkonda
Armj of Golkooda .....
Muliatiunadan oppression of Hindus
Persian grandees .....
Festival* and mintage processions
Muhammadan life; &celu«uu of the women .
Hindu life ; fro^loru of the women
Hindu arithmetic ; local art of painting calicoes
Timidity of the people ; alarm a: too English
r.int
475
470
ib.
iK
477
iK
ib.
478
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
479
ib.
.»
ri.
480
ib.
ib.
481
ib.
ih.
ih.
482
ib.
ib.
483
ib.
ib.
ib.
484
ib.
485
iK
iK
iK
480
iK
iK
457
CONTENTS.
Public executions .....
Religious toleration under the Sultans of Golkonda .
Voyage to Madras ....
Ancient fishing village ,
Fort St. George: White-town and Black-town .
Rent and levetiue of Maura* .
Vicissitudes at Madras ....
Difficulties of Sir Wfliiam Tj.ngliom, Governor of Mndrn
Dr. Fryer lands in a Mu-.vu!a boat
De-eriptioii of Fort St. Grorgr .
Extensive powers of Sir William Lnnghom .
English and Portuguese population of Fort St. George
DebCliption of Clack-town ....
Satire population : thirty thousand Hindus to fori
Muhammadans ....
Surrounding country .....
Groves of betel .....
Policy of the Saltan of Golkonda
Hindu worship at Mndra*
Corn hay harbour .....
Weakness of Bombay under the Portnguose
English fortifications .....
Unhealthineas of Bombay
Visit to Sum. . . .
Christians insulted by Mulummadnn beggars
Muhammadan merchants ; their houses aud courtesies
Hindu Banians ; affected poverty
Muhammadan Fakirs ....
Vagabond lives of the Fakirs ....
Grandeur of die Nawab of Surat; defied by the Fuklra
Oppressions of the Nawab and his soldiery
General fear of the Mnkrattns . . .
Army of she Nawab of Burnt ....
Moghul shipping .....
Timidity of the Moghuls at sea
Moghul Viceroy of Guxerat; troubled by Kolia, Ms!
rattas, and RajpOts ....
Bigotry of Auraugzeb .....
Return to Bombay ....
Dr. Fryer attend* the Nawab of J.onere; the public
audience ......
XXXV
CONTEXTS.
r*/:*
Weak defences against Si»ojL
4
Su2
Visit to tlie Nawab'a harem ....
ib.
Unexpected ilisclcuumi ....
•
ih
Came of Uie long Maliratta wars
603
Brahman conrert .....
4
ib.
Indian armies ....
ib.
Desolations of MighuLs and Malirattas .
•
601
Karwar; Mahratta oppression
ib.
Voyage to Goa .....
•
IK
Inquisition, torture, burning, and branding . .
605
Goa and the Portuguese inhabitants
•
ih.
Tho clergy ......
606
Kwarem inhabitants ....
4
ib.
Goa ladies, joneli, and dreis ....
ih.
Manner! and occupation ....
4
ih.
Mancbet. rrax, arrack, and punch
007
Telegraphs .....
4
ib.
Old Goa
ib.
Mahratta neighbour* ....
♦
608
Pilgrimage to Golci;m .....
ib.
Sight* at Gokara ; absence of all annals
■
ib.
life of the Brahman* at Gokum .
503
India in 1C7G .....
•
■b.
Bfjipnr and Golkonda .....
ib.
Sivaji the Mahratu ....
•
510
India in 1679-81
ib.
India, 1680
•
611
Captain Hamilton, 1 CSS-1723
ib.
Sinde ; dangerous brigands
•
ib.
Defeat of the brigands by Hamilton and his sailors .
ib.
Triumph at Tatta; ttnnge favours gran ted brtli«Na\vib
612
Gurerat ; robbers and pirate* of Bert
•
513
Kojpdt mercenaries hired as guards .
ih.
Story of a Yogi buried alivo
•
614
Stories of Moghul India .
ib.
Hindu financial administration .
4
ib.
Hindus and English .....
515
Deklian and Carnatic unexplored .
•
ib.
Fertility and cheapness of Bengal
ib.
Cheapness of poultry and moot .
4
ih.
Climate of Bengal ....
BIG
CONTENTS.
XXV
Numberless canals and islands
roie
. 5 1'i
Character of the Bengali*
. 517
Cotton and silk ,
. ib.
Niebuhr's description of Bombay, 1763
. 618
Climate of Bombay .
. ib.
Island and city
. 519
Government and people ....
ib.
Description of Surat. 1764 .
ik
Hospital for sick and maimed animals
. 520
An Oriental garden ....
ik
Comparative merits of Moghul and Hindu rule
. 321
CHAPTER X.
PROVINCIAL HISTORY! USUAL, A. It. 1700 TO 1700.
Importance of the history of Bengal . . . 522
Moghul rule in Be ngal .... ik
Religion* persecutions of Aaracgteb . . . 525
Viceroyalty of Arim ..... 024
Run of Mir Jafir Khan, Devon of Bengal . . it.
Distinction the Viceroy and tl«o Derail . ii<.
Plot of tho Viceroy to murder tho Deuan . . 02-'.
Mursbed Kuli Kiun, N»wab and Devan . . ik
Cruel oppression of the Z< mindais , . . 526
Praises of Mttrahed Kuli Khan by Muhammadan hUtoriana i '»-.
Mausoleum built a*, tho expense of Hindu pagodas . 527
Daughter of Murshed Kuli Klun deserts her husband,
Shuja Khan ...... 520
Death of Munbed Kuli Khan, 1725 ... ill.
Shuja Khan. Nawab of Ikngal, Bebar.and Oiusa. 1725-39 ih
Two Muhammadan favourites; iiaji Aluuad and Ali Vardi
Klun ....... 529
Two Hindu minister*; A Um Chaod and Jagat Seit . i *>.
Indolent administration ..... 550
Ali Vordi Klian, Deputy Nawab of Bebnr . . ik
Wroth of Sarfnnbs Khan, ion of Shuja Kban . . 531
Ambitious designs of the tiro Muhammadan brothers ik
Destruction of Hindu Rajas in Bchar by the Afghan
contingent ..... ik
Obstinate bravery of the Clink war Raja . . . -''32
XX VI
CONTESTS.
Suboiiraioo of the tie* Raja
Slwmetoe trcachniy of AK Vardi Khan, 1733
Detraction of the city of ilia Chokwars .
Murder of the Afghan commandant .
Intrigues at Delhi ....
Suspicion* (lentil of Scuja Khan, 1733
Piabea of Shuja Kbna ....
Peculiar money-preienla
Sarfarie Khan, Nawab of Bengal and Or law, 1735-42
arroguncc • • •
U npardonable affront to J agat f>«it .
Intrigues anil conspiracies
Fortune favour* the conspirators
.Secret rebellion at Patna .
Solemn swearing-in of officers .
Sikliguli pita from Bciiar into Bengal
An empty treasury • •
Services of Omicltnnd, the Patn* banker .
Shorn batLe; deata of Ssrf&rAr KliAli •
Alirardi Khan enthroned at M jrehedabn l
Faith in Mustafa Khan, the Afghan general .
EtUbLuhe* hi* authority in Bengal
Acquires Ori*5a ....
Oriental oppression ....
Involution at Cuttack
Alarm of Ali Vardi Khan; difficulty with the AfJm
Perilous captivity ....
Flft.-ape of Ali Vardi Khnr.'s son in-law
Settlement of Ori«a ....
Wrath of Mustafa Khan ....
Mahratt* invasion ....
MahratuV demand of ten lakhs rejected .
Makrattaa demand a Imndml lakhs .
Afghans appeared; MahnOUs blockade Mursbtdabiul
Mahrntta devastations ,
Agony of Bengal .....
Ali Vardi Khan takes the field
Fruitless campaign ....
Treacherous massacre of Mahratta officers
Itevcngp and retreat of the Mahrittu*
Invasion of the BhonaU aad Peisawa .
his
It m
533
ib.
633
ib.
534
ib.
ib.
534
ih.
533
ih.
837
ib.
lb.
533
ib.
ib.
639
540
ib.
ib.
541
ib.
642
ib.
ib.
643
ft.
ib.
514
ib.
ib.
545
Ib.
546
ib.
ih.
ih.
617
ib.
CONTEXT.
XXVII
Distensions between tbc ,M»hinni lenders . . 647
Final settlement of chout, 1750 . . . il».
Troubles with tbo Afghans . . . 54#
Death of Ali Varui Khan, 176G ... ib.
Donieitic life of AK Vanli Khan . , . ib
APPENDIX I.
THE SH.VH XaXKH OV WtDl'K . - •"‘■*1
APPENDIX II.
HINDS AXSAI-S COMPILED THOM THE MACKENZIE MASEMIHri*.
Iwrftl
L Early conflicts between Jams anil Bribmiua . 550
II. Beial empire of Kanata 501
HI The Tellusa country . . . . .504
IV. Empire of Vijayanagnr .... 507
V. Kinks of Madura .... »•’>»
MS mm RESEARCH !JI"7fT ,f
TRrcH'JR. COCMJW if A’!,
• 9 MOV 1323
r^Si/b.
II T STORY OF INDIA.
CHAPTER VII.
mooui'l empire: acranczeb, a.i». 1 G5S to 1707.
Fibst Period : Aumngtel of Delhi, 1G58-64.
AcnAXGZEB kwl achieved the object of his ambition. ca»r. vn
Rv craft, hypocrisy, ami bloodshed, ho had gained the "
empire of Hindustan. His three brothers had perished
in the fratricidal war. Ilis oldest sou had suffered
death ns n punishment for rebellion. His father, Shah
Jelnm, was still alive, imprisoned in the fortress at
Agra. The vision of Shall Johan at Agra was a con-
stant terror to Aurangzeb ; it poisoned his pleasures
and paralysed his ambition ; it was the skeleton that
haunted the palace at Delhi. Aurangzcb was in
constant alarm lest Rajptits or Shiahs should release
Shah Jehnn, and restore him to the throne of the
Moghuls. 1
1 ri- «U« of afair. d~nib*a ia tbo text rrirai t> ill" wltsn
Auncn*'' o vtrv'-Txa nil hit riraU. It tA'JKi un tbf preening chi]»:«r.
1358 Atr&Dgzeb had mc coded the threat; he lad oul dotn;)iU aII fcb
rifiU until two or thro* y<ari afur-ffirdk
Throughout li>« following ptge» tie uaiao id " Aunngzih " U* \ r-n tftmd
U"Xurxup*\" t»J aoiera orthu.
IT
HISTORY OR INDIA.
oiut. tii Aumngzeb ascended tlie tbrone at Delhi in 1658.
He did not lake the title of Emperor until two years
afterwards. The chief K4zl of the ompiro refused to
acknowledge him as the rightful sovereign, seeing that
Shah Jell an was still alive. The Sherif of Mecca, tho
great spiritual authority throughout the world of Wain,
told the Mecca pilgrims that he knew of no sovereign
of Hindustan except Shall Jchau. Auraugzcb sent au
embassy to Mecca with n largo sum of money to de-
corate the tomb of Muhammad. Tho Sherif was in-
exorable ; he refused to receive the envoys or accept
the money ; the envoys wore compelled to carry back
the money to Auraugzcb. 1
4nn:p.ii Pbi)» The difficulty us regards the chief Kuzi was sur-
mounted. A council of Mullahs wna assembled at
Delhi ; the chief Kiul was deposed, and a more com-
pliant divine was appointed in his room. 1 In October
1660 Aurangxcb was proclaimed Padishah from the
pulpit, and the K hatha was read and money coined
in his name. Henceforth he was the acknowledged
Emperor of Hindustan.*
T-aetiMt Auraugzcb had made lus religion a stepping-stone
to the throne. He professed to be a strict SunuL
whilst his predecessors, if anything, were lux Slifahs.
By so doing, he won the support of all orthodox Mu-
' Uueuehl tliKJgU Folur Crtma. It it su:*i by CaUou i|»l An.
rrmneb <11J u_* tu. tli. thk cl P.Miiluh mull uftn lb. .U.tb of Sbih
Jsbto. Tbi. i. etc tratiotei by eba usllej authority of Kb.ifl Kbta in!
Tanragtr.
5 It will La te-a bar* attar that il* new chief Kill nut anything bus i
lUict Mut-miaotin. Hi. il.ily ind il^ente in sic- tb. j*»lp of tbs
Mart.
• Klufi Khai .«•« Ibis Aur*o$teb Kiad., I tb. Ihrto. U Delhi In 16.13,
and km rot prxjliiiuol Pi4imh Oil tb« tcoond yoir of lb. nipt. Tb.
MMinlman Lltlorii* ij-om. th. rrfu«I of Ibi clil.f Ki» to »ckaoa>dge
Anrioynab. The m! ficia in nv.aloi by Tueinler. Si. ludUo Tr»vtL»,
B:ok Li s chiji t.
MOCHCL empiee: ackasgzeb.
323
hammadans of Uic Sunni sect. But niter his accra- m.» m
sion he was compelled to dissemble for a while. Many
cf the grandees were Persian Shiahs. Tiieu again the
Hind vis were afraid that Aorangzeb would dest roy their
idol- worship. Meantime there was much carping
against Anrangzeb for tlio slaughter of his brothers
and imprisonment of his father. Accordingly, he
found it necessary to proceed warily. 4
Anrangzeb drew the Hiudii Rajas to his court at
Delhi by giving them a magnificent entertainment,
which lasted nine days. It was a round of elephant
fights, pompous processions, ami displays of fireworks.
The Hiiidd Rajas paid their court to their new sove-
reign ; presented him with gifts ; aud congratulated
him on his accession. At these audiences Aurangzcb
made a show of ulforiug sacrifices. He threw pepper
on a burning brazier, and as the smoke arose, be
lifted up bis eves to heaven and uttered his prayers.
By this breach of the Koran bo thought to quiet the
Hindu Rajas.®
The Muhammadans took the alarm ; thev com- f—
J lo«4rU :!*•
plained of this idolatrous superstition. Aurangzcb * M4a -
amused them with a series of ordinances, which en-
forced the laws of the Koran at the expense of Chris-
tians and Shiahs. He issued an edict against the use
of wine. All Muhammadans couvicted of drinking
wino were deprived of a hand or foot. Christiana
were allowed to drink wine on their own premises,
• TUa priatlpal autkorltlca fur tke hbrorj of lli. r.ira cf Annngnb, lira
li.. «■>«.!. ia ;o«S to bit j.iiirn.r t>> KiubiaU la 1064, *'* JVmt-r, fh«
Fratli (ili) ul'uji >al MaQaucbi. -J- Vm«tiui pkjiicfan. Klufi Ktaoaup.
pli~ taint. «ful Uata. hut h* inf jmuiiM i* itn|i*rfiot. Ott-tr autfamtira
■ill b» ciurf.
« 11-nouchl tkroofk Fath.r Citron. JUaouchi vicj U-.t Ilia prapla to-
limed tbit Anraigieb *»i » ; that tl* bnrais* p. pp«r «u a «cit-
B« to the dom os from whom h* aiqaliod uperatMral poacn.
324
HISTORY OF INDIA.
cmat tii but were forbidden to sell it ; nn<l all who broke tbo
law were imprisoned and bastinadoed. But no edict
could suppress intoxication, and tbo nee of wine was
universal. Aurangzeb himself remarked that there
were oulv two men in the empire who abstained from
wine, the chief Kite! and himself. Even there bo
was deceived. Every morning the court physician
carried a flagon of wine to the chief Kilzf, and tbo
pair emptied it together.' Even the Kotwal of
Delhi, tho police magistrate who curried out the
ordinances of Aurangzeb, was a notorious toper; but
be was nono the less zealous on that account in
punishing drunkards. The people of Hindustan bad
always been accustomed to strong drinks. When
wine was prohibited they took to bhang — a drug
which produced a far more dangerous intoxication.*
Aurangzeb issued another edict of a more whimsical
nature. The Stiffs of Persia were accustomed to wear
long niustaebios after the fashion set by the Prophet
AIL* Aurangzeb pretended that the long mustachioa
interfered with the right pronunciation of the name of
Allah, and prevented the sound from ascending to
Heaven. Ho appointed special officers t.o measure the
muatachios of passers-by. Men ran about with scissors
to clip them to the orthodox standard. Dignitaries
and princes covered their fawn with their hands to
save their mustachios. 10
Aurangzeb next ubolished music and singing. Ofli-
' Tt * c “**<■'« time. ii«r she Bmperer ted tl>. Jiroth* window, wu
111* ody F»rl ol the diy «lion in. Uttfnl eoortiere couM diinlt in Mf.ty,
"Hi. nimiJ «onbftU ol Man, Ilia dorb*r in '.hr ifternuon, mid Iba xrrtiri
•»«niMy, might bira Weight an offondtig noble ir.iUn cloee proximity to
Ihr Emporor, uA diecorary atd [unUhoent « on 1,1 tar. torn tie retell.
' HiMOfhl tlmioRb Catroa.
• Ola ulnae Trent., fcnglUh trunOuion, Book »L
" Mteoarhi thr«Bh Cain*
MOGHOL EMPIRE ! ACRASGZEB.
325
cers were empowered to enter any dwelling-house ciui ’n
where music was heard and turn out the musicians
and bum their instruments. 'Ilia object was to sup-
press nil satirical songs. Multitudes of musicians
wero reduced to beggary; heaps of musical instruments
were destroyed. Music could only be performed in
secret, and on such occasions Aurimgzch was severely
handled in the songs."
Aursuigzob nlso abolished dancing. The dancing- iK.r<iar*nu
girls lived together ill bunds, occupied mansions us
large ns palaces, and formed the scandalous class of
Hindustan.” Shah Johan had delighted in their per-
formances. Aurangzeb ordered them to l*o all mar-
ried or banished from his dominions. Probably 1m
wanted to assert his superior morality. Many wero
dispersed; some married ; others continued in the
secret practice of their old trade."
Aurangzeh, notwithstanding his zeal for Islam, had uuunateu
a spite against the &mtons. These men claimed to
be descendant* of the family of the Prophet. They
professed to lead lives of austerity and celibacy ; they
were reverenced as saints ; they were carried in ex-
pensive palanquins, or rodo on cosily horses, accompa-
nied by disciples and followers. TliC people prostrated
themselves before a Sun ton; they assailed him with
11 MitvMiciji iiirtttgh C*t*ou. H© tbit tbe (□;»::! am * rtrAiu;©
JpCtol t« Ann*n£»#b ; that coo Friday mount: ftl the EmjVTor trai fcolng t»
inotijur. b© mw i t«M crowd of Buuir**r* mirchi la die k»hi L<I ft bkf, ami
filllug the ur wMb Uamatinp*. Hr uied *ltat U all otut.
H* told tbit iltj w«n? R»in£ to bury M Xtw«r tbnir oo«^r UJ 2 a*n
rtmU'l aad thoy wt ro wiping «r*r to*ir too* b«
c md : 41 *bt ouut Orttrtie agiiu.** Tte etuj it oxifircaed by Kbafi KIislu
11 Sc© a e*ri*»n* 6 «»cripUoii vf coo of th**e bouiw in iii.j
l * ICirriaff* $« a tinegtt |ualibai«fet for ft ilftiu.ii£ Tavernier tell* the
atory of a. a\ ah oi Pcrtia who ocU«rwd 4 danurg-giri io b© toufloa oj *
ptmidiicat for hftViQf fcoied *->* »*r* uf of L*r rotsjoatuui within LU
ilnjMty-o U*nu£. Penun TriTal* &^>k iii, chap. 17.
326
HISTORY OK INDIA.
CHAF. TTT.
E-bt; Aiuroi
Sa*
fc.'Vjffff.
petitions and prayer* ; lie affected to grant all that
was wanted with a complaisant, smile or a wave of
the baud. Wealthy petitioners went to his house,
and secretly prayed to him for everything ambition
or passion conkl suggest. Women specially went in
crowds, and caused endless scandal.
Twelve Snntona had committed a crime which
Aurangzeb never forgave. They bad promised the
empire to his eldest brother, Darn. The people of
Delhi had been so deceived by this prophecy that they
had helped Darn against Aurangzeb. The Emperor
resolved to punish the San ton* without alarming tho
Muhammadans. He ordered tho twelve men to. bo
brought before him. Ho told them that their false
prophecy convinced him that they wen? not dcsceudcd
from tho Prophet Ife gave them three days for
fasting and prayer; at the end of that time they must
prove their daim by working a miracle.
The Snntona confessed that tho people gave them
credit for more snneticy than they possessed. But
Aurangzeb was not to be turned from his purpose.
The three days pissed away; the Snntons were utterly
unable to impose a miracle on Aurangzeb. They could
expect no mercy. The Emperor reviled them for their
deceit and hypocrisy. Ho ordered some of the w orec
to be imprisoned in a strong fortress, telling them that
nothing hut a mirnele could deliver them. The re-
mainder were banished his dominions. 54
Aurangzeb next worked the ruin of the Persian
grandees. Akhnr had warmly welcomed all exiles
from Persia, placed them in high command?, 1 * and
“ Kwooohl through Ctroo.
“ Hxa'-’t «Ut» that th« Mcgkiilr <ho»i
lor lha i.jtiur commas di.
hot tnco «i|h (sir comptairai
MOGHUL EMPIRE : AURANGZEB.
327
assigned them hereditary estates out of tho crown cu.r m
lands." Aurangzeb hated them because they were
Shiahs. He resolved to resume their lands. At first
lie examined the titles, and only resumed the land
when there was an informality in the grant. Subse-
quently he resumed the remainder on the score of
religion. "The Persians," he said, "are united to
us by the Korun ; they have separated themselves
from us by their errors about the succession to the
Khalifat ; it is therefore only right that they should
be separated from us altogether." Accordingly tho
Persians were deprived of their lands ami sent to
Kashmir. They were forced to live on such pensions
us were assigned them.
Aurangzeb brought his spy establishment to per- m-i
fection. Under Moghul rule news-writers were
maintained in every township to report all that
occurred. Under previous Emperors tho news-writers
were often in collusion with the local oiliccrs. But
Aurangzeb kept a constant watch. His knowledge
was so perfect of all that was going ou, that many
believed lie acquired it by supernatural agencies."
Aurangzeb was proud of his reforms. He boasted Mutm.
of them in letters to his father. The captive sove-
reign wrote an indignant reply ; it was circulated
umong tho grandees, and caused the Emperor much
** 5 U&vifbi. ihnucb Citron. ioiitte, like ell oil)** oiit— l« nwy wriuo,
till-, tho M-sbu-e were tike wte Iwdi of tie eoJ. Ho eilda. the-. the tract of
hereditary luid* t» tho 1’erUan lwntgnQU Oil oittco:b-r oicrptioni!.
,f Miuiu..:lil, Uituogh Cation. ulli the *l<ry of i Mildier who lx-.l luit e
hor.o fo* worfli b » 1 > rropoadfcde Ui hi. ceputa. Aieoidtojly be dwelled
hiiaf'.f u e fakir, tori*<l lie hurt*, end look op tie uUde over tb. grew,
jreljodiis tint it wii the t-ooh «.f earn* l«0j mint, 1 b ihi. omn hi eab-
•Uu>; oc the aide <t jikieera-hy. Aariogxob «lieeoT*n*l the deevptiun eel
•iicoUil tor lil*« Uhir.
TV# etorj- !n« no hUinrictJ lijiiiioiro*. It b t .’ji Is c'.brr quartan irlthoa
eaj reference tc Auiaciseb. It* eotliooUclly U doubtful.
323
HISTORY OF INDIA.
cniP. vri uneasiness. Malidbnt Khan, the Moghul governor
of Kdbul, rebuke-1 Aurangzeb for liis ill-treatment of
liis father. Tho Emperor swallowed the affront for
awhile, but never forgot it. He removed ifnhfibat
Khan fioui Kibut to prevent liis intriguing with the
Shah of Persia. He posted Mnbdbat. Khan to the
government of Gnzerat, where ho would be uuder
more immediate controL”
Drtltnr* ulih Aurangzeb seems to have been scared by die rebuke
which he received from Mali abut Khan. At any rate,
he changed his tone towards his father. Ho Bofteucd
the rigour of his father's captivity, uud sent him
presents from Delhi. Shall Jelian was alarmed at
this unexpected kindness, and suspected that some
evil was brewing. At last Aurangzeb demanded the
jewels that his father had taken with him into his
captivity. Shah Jehnn saw at once the reasons for
his son’s kindness; he threatened to break up the
jewels with a pestle and mortur. Aurangzeb never
repeated tho request, but appointed a cuuuch to keep
n watchful eye on the jewels. 11
SfO« atiitM i Another incident helps to bring out the character
of Aurangzeb. When a boy ho had been educated by
a tutor named Malik Salih. He had a boy’e grudge
11 Falbw Curou profit tog*. U* •< U*btfbM KW.IotUr
io Aunogwh. In Uii. U'.ui KUnvlnu- Ibe (e-bln. of SUb J.i«n,
fcu 1«» «• »nil umndiloua inm " Wfcra," lu write, •• Slmli
Jtban 9%l ujkio tfc® iknw l-» odminiiter jutiitt, fair Oftrrtul tloir complaint*
to bl*3. beam** be war pwtlul hiuiielf ami l»jiir*«3 j*®*c* in Ui® tried® of
otberv. yoa. «r®, teke you Mt; tb. trie taco! n*-»ninda with a thouwud
dUcortlmt tetat: yuur ruU U ao *sYnrn «t1I untunii oio £L«d
VUb ft iLttli* for T 0 Q£O*UCiL"
ThU fctter dc*u wt Appear to bn sotiMOtso. It U not written io tb® wiyl®
in wbirfi a gnotto would addrsai a Ftdlikak.
11 Wannudu through Calmu. Ttwnkr tell* tb® »tnn atcry. but with
diffrmt deUlli. II® up that B*£um Sahib aavad t be jtweU* &t the wlluI
tt®ca for berfttU. Tteftk, Bc*k if.. «b* P . 7.
XIOGHUL EMPIRE : ADHASGZEB.
329
against this man. He thought the tutor showed _en*r. tii^
more favour to Darn and Murad than to himself;
he also suspected that Malik Salih had set Shah
Jebnn against him.
Malik Salih had been living for many years at
KAbul on a pension which he received from the
Moghul conrt. When Aurangzeb came to the throne
this pension was stopped. The old tutor was uncon-
scious of any ill-will ou the part of his former pupil.
He thought there was some mistake ; ho went to
Delhi to freshen up the memory of Aurangzeb as
regards his services. He was three months at Delhi
before lie obtained nu audience. At last a day was
fixed. All the learned men at the court, aud all the
tutors of the imperial household, were present in the
audience ball. To the utter surprise of the tutor, he
was treated by Aurangzeb to the following lecture : —
"Princes must have tutors just as infants must*»~n*-
have wet-nurses. People know bow 10 choose a wet-
nnree ; they pick out a ntrobg-bodied woman, aud all
goes well. They do not know how to ckoosa a tutor ;
they often take a man who is more learned than wise,
who burdens the memory, and never forms the miml.
“When I was a boy, 1 was taught the language of .i«.
the Koran ; my mind was wearied with the rules of
Arabic grammar ; no one turned my heart to virtue
by setting before me the examples of great men or
the victories of my illustrious ancestors. I learnt a
littlo of Hindustan, its towns, provinces, and revenues,
but that was all.
" Surely there were other nations with whom I t™. ikwMi..
ought to have been acquainted. Why was 1 not
taught the manners, customs, and interests of Persia ?
Why waa 1 not told the history of my Tartar fore-
330
HISTORY Or INDIA.
hup. rn. fathers ? Their defendants occupy all the thrones
of Asia. "Why was 1 not taught something of Africa,
where the Ottomans have established their dominion ?
Or of Europe, which supplies me with eminent. Firingiz ?
Why was I told that the Emperor of France was a
Raja of the second class ; that Hollaud was a great
empire ; that England was lurger than France? Why
was 1 not shown a map of China, where Tartar princes
like myself hove conquered a wise and industrious
people ?
coaWMUM. “ Such studies would have been worthy of a prince
destined to become master of Hindustan 1 My youth
should have been occupied with the stratagems of war,
the arts of policy, the different ways of attacking or
defending strongholds. From you 1 ought to have
learned the art of governing provinces. These were
your duties; did you ever fulfil them? Had I re-
ceived any benefit from yon, 1 would have shown my
gmtitude. As it is, I can only dismiss you ns the
most worthless of my servants, who has done mo more
injury than all the others, and whose face I never
wish to see again." *
s.roiui*. The speech of Auraugzob had been carefully pre-
pared; it was soon promulgated throughout the em-
pire- Flatterers applauded it to the skies. Wiser men
saw the malignant spirit which dictated ifc. Malik
Salih had probably taught Anrnngzeb to the best of
his ability. Xo one but a European tutor could have
taught, him much more. Not even a European tutor
could have taught him the arts of government, and
war.
Aurangzeb is said to have revenged another old
" M'aouctd tbrao*h Catron. Berate* liu tinwnd eosne imperfect
r«p:rj of the eeme speech. KUS Ktuu had do kiw*l*3ge of ll.
MOGHUL UMPIRE : ACKAXGZKB.
331
injury. When u young man ho hail Leon sent with chap, m
an army to conquer Balkh." He had been defeated,
humiliated, and subjected to severe privations. When
he had established himself on the throne of Hindustan,
the Sultan of Balkh sent an embassy w itb presents to
congratulate him on his accession. The Sultan was
afraid lest Aurangzeb should march ngnins: him wirh
the whole force of the Moghul empire. Aurangzcb
had no stomach for another expedition against Balkh,
but ho is charged with having resented his defeat on
the Tartar ambassadors.*'
Whilst Aurangzcb was carrying out bis reforms iu
Hindustan, lie was not unmindful of the Dekhan. For
many years he had been Viceroy in the Dekhan. He
had given his name to the city of Aurangabad. Before
the fratricidal war the Dekhan had been the principal
sphere of Li3 ambition.
The Dekhan is the central zone of India lying be-
tween Hindustan and the Peuiii'ula. On the north
it is bounded by the river Nerbudda ; on the south,
by the river Kistna. East and west it is bounded by
the aea.
The Muhammadan Dckhau was the square mass of
tableland in the centre of the zone. On the west was
the mountain territory of the Konkau to the back of
Bombay. On the cast, were the hills and jungles of
51 Balkh, th© i*4«nt Btetrii, i» ft fftnxni regno, bit IHUt luamu Ui
tiulbn gc^r&i’hy. It li*» rnxuooetl b?tvewi tb* IfitDftUjM rial ririr
Oiui. It won titer© ttot Ai«xftu<I<i liu Grm k*t bit k©*/t tc Itoxanft, Ui*
fur rsaitUu of Biclrio. In tlmt it lea U*Q a t>:o© of cunMtfctt
b Kirra AfgbftnUUn a id DAb*n. It nrtrr belong*! lo tk« Moghul Esn-
j«erora of DiDi»n*n.
a Munouchi tbmufiU CiUrou. Bernier ifoim tU in* that tbe fintkls
**nrny4 wm iantUcd Th* tu*lUr U cf no oaOKqotM* Them to *
*iara oialuay frea lb© Kirg of Abram**. It U deccrib^d n* ocoodmbl*
Uogth by Mmouchl 4ad Bernier* but tb© ©veil U iirold o i hbtoffal intern*
332
HISTOHY OF INDIA.
nur vit. Gondwana, which at this period were out of the pale
of history. 1 * The Muhammadan Dekhan was the
causeway which ran from Hindustan towards the
Peninsula : it was bounded on one side by mountains,
and on the other side by jungles; it was the great
highway by which, at different intervals, the conquerors
of Hindustan have marched towards the south to
plunder the Hindu llajns of the Peuinsulu.
n )')■> mi The Moghul province of the Dekhan occupiod tbo
northern half of this causeway. The southern half
was occupied by the Muhammadan kingdoms of
Bfjilpur and Golkonda. These two kingdoms blocked
up the advance of the Moghuls into the Peninsula.
For many years Aurangzeb was bent on the conquest
of Bljdpur and Golkonda. The two Sultans were
Muhammadans, but Aurangzeb detested their creed.
They were more or less Shiahs, and the Persian element
prevailed in both kingdoms. To make mat ters worse,
the two courts were Hiuduised by the employment of
Hindu officials.
IU-. -r Aurangzeb’s earlyschemesof conquest were thwarted
by his father, Shah Jchan. Meantime a cloud was rising
in the western Gbits. The Mahrattas of tbo Kon-
kau were becoming troublesome. Sivaji, the Mahratta
chief, was becoming tlio terror of the Dekhan. He
was already a thorn in the aide of Bijipur ; he was
doomed to become a thorn in the side of the Moghul.
rw, (aim The Konkan has always had a history of its own.
In ancient times it was a scat of civilisation. Roman
merchants traded at its ports ; Brahman sages founded
" Thi. "Vl-riy i«.c i> tbiouilail in n mlW ol UgraJ. Is iu 4 trr r«i
VaMprta to AurtnrjcU. In If* j»«eeot day il ia iamnn by tb» uiam ol
NMfoie »B d ti* C.rlral Pr.'riorr*. Until tfa. 4d=dn!w..-.lloo ci Sir
Riahixl T.ttji* i n ibe Pronin-., it uti lubuI 4 bUnk in tiio iaio
*J India. '
MOGHUL empire: .vwuxgzeb.
333
temples and hermitages in the Excluded mountains. cn »n vn
Subsequently the ports swarmed with pirates, whilst
the mountains were the strongholds of bandits
Nominally tho Ivonkan was ;i province of Bfjdpur ;o-*ii orate,
practically the Kuukau was ruled by a line of chief-
tains, more or less independent, who were known as
Mahrattas. Tho forefathers of Si raj i were the illegi-
timate offspring of some Rajput Baja; they were
counted among tho vassals of the Sultan of Bij&pur.
Sivaji himself acknowledged tho superiority of Blji-
pur, but lived in rude independence in bis mountain
fortresses.
Sivaji was the type of a Hindu freebooter — a happy <i«vtrM<
mixture of superstition and audacity. He was strict
in the worship of Uindi'i gods, and reverential towards
Brahmans; lie was gifted with the intelligence, en-
terprise, aud restless energy of the bandit. Outlaw
as ho was, he had a tinge of Rajptit blood. He treated
women with respect; he never insulted tho religion
of the Koran.’* But ho wanted the pride, the bearing,
the sense of honour, which make up the true RnjptSt.
Ho was a rude inouutaiueer, who could neither read
nor write. He was short and active, with long arms
nnd sharp eyes; be was cunning, faithless, treacherous,
without shame or scruples of any kind. He had some
genius for organisation ; plundered on a regular
Bystem ; planned expeditions into the plains which
returned at. intervals to the fortresses in the hills.
He spared villages und districts on lx-ing paid a cer-
tain blackmail, which amounted to about one- fourth
of the laud revenue, and was known ns choxtih . Ho
« Kh-fl Klnn lutad the Mitri'.vn, hot &*s jaillcs to their good trail* in
the emitter ci
HISTORY OP INDIA.
334
maintained a strict discipline amongst Lis bands of
marauders.
The proceedings of Sivaji and his Mahrutlas caused
much trouble at. Bfjdpur. At last the Sultan sent a
large army to suppress Sivaji. The Bfjdpnr general
bebl the Mabrattn* in contempt- Sivaji played a
game of artifice. He feigned to be in a panic of fear ;
begged forgiveness; promised obedience lor the future;
prayed for a private interview to make bis submission,
receive orders, and arrange about pay. The Bfjdpnr
genera! was deceived, ami consented to a lonely meet-
ing. The details vary in different uarratives. All
agree that Sivaji carried a secret weapon ringed to his
linger?, with steel books or spurs, known as tiger?’
claws. The Mahratta prostrated himself before the
Mussulman ; lie rose up and stood in a respectful
posture; bo then drove the tigers' claws to the
Mussulmans heart The general fell dead. The
Bijdpur army was seized with panic. The Mabrattas
fell upon the iuvadeis, routed them in all directions,
and returned to their fortresses with the booty.
'Idi is exploit was noised abroad throughout the
Debhan. Aurangzeb saw that Sivaji would prove a
useful ally in the event, of a war with Bijdpur. He
was already beginning the war against his brothers
which led to bis obtaining the throne; and in the
event of defeat lie might find a refuge with Sivaji in
the strongholds of the Koukan. He made friends
with Sivaji, concluded a treaty, and coded territory.
The alliance reveals the utter hypocrisy of Aurangzeb.
He was playing the part of a pious Muhammadan, a
devout penitent, vowing to spend the rest of his life
in tears and prayers at the tomb of the Piophet. At
the same time he was planning a rebellion against Lis
MOGHUL EMPIRE : AORAXCZEB.
335
father and a war against his brothers, and providing cu»r. m
against defeat by securing a refuge with o Hincifi
brigand who worshipped idols.
The fratricidal war broke out. In course of time
Auraugzeb became Emperor of Hindustan. Ho had
overcome all his brothers, but he could not leave
Delhi whilst his father was a prisoner at Agra. His
old friend and supporter, Amir J umla, had restored
quiet in Bengal. Amir Jumla wanted to return to
the Dekhan, to eouquer Bfjripur and Golkouda, and
stamp out Sivaji. But Auraugzeb was jealous of
Amir Jumla; he suspected that Amir Jumla wanted
to found an independent kingdom in the Dekhan.
Accordingly he sent Amir Jumla on a hopeless expedi-
tion against Assam, with orders to conquer tho whole
country as far as the Chinese frontier.
Aurangzeb appointed his uncle, Shuista Khan, to lie.ih.iyi k~.ii
V iceroy of the Dekhan. He disregarded Ills treaty with I,a * 1
Sivaji, and told Sbaista Khan to suppress the Mah-
rattas and their Raja. He ordered Jnswant Singh.
Raja of Jodhpur, to join Shaista Khan with his Itaj-
piit auxiliaries. He thus got rid of a dangerous man.
Jnswant Siugh was not loyal to Aurangzeb. He was
strongly suspected of seeking to restore Shah Jelian
to the Moghul throne. It was, therefore, a stroke of
policy to send Jnswant Singh into the Dekhan to
fight, against the Mahrattas under the eye of Shaista
Khan.
Sivaji soon saw that Aurangzeb hail broken faith
witli him ; but breaches of faith were common enough
in Indio. Sivaji -.lid not take the field against the
Moghuls. He permitted Sbaista Khnn to advance
and cupturo the Muhrutta fortress at Poona. The
rains were about to begin. Sbaista Khan built a
ctur. nr.
O.noWlaJuJ.
".(.Ha,..
"H-
HochalMtic.
336 HISTOHT OF lXDIiu
pavilion of wood nt the foot of the fortress, for the
accommodation of himself and Lis seraglio during the
monsoon. 3
Tho coronation-day of tho Emperor was always
kept as a festival throughout the Moghul empire.
When tho anniversary came round in 1663, Shaiata
Khan gave a great feist to his officers. Every three
hours there was a symphony of musical instruments.
Some men unknown told tho band to make a special
noise at twelve o'clock at night, in order to do honour
to the festival.
Wine was not spared at the coronation feast. At
midnight there was a deafening uproar of trumpets aud
kettledrums. When it was over, shrieks and screams
were heard from the seraglio. A hand of armed men
hud broken into the seraglio and made their way into
the banquetcicg hall, followed by women and eunuchs.
Shaiata Khan was too drunk to comprehend what was
going on. His son drew his sword and rushed upon
the intruders, hat received a stroke which severed his
head from his shoulders. The intruders rushed upon
Shoista Khan. The women saw that his life was in
danger, and put out the lights. Friends and foes
mingled in horrible disorder ; random strokes fell on
women and eunuchs. . Shaista Khan lost a finger, but
escaped from the pavilion aud lied up the hill to the
fortress of Pooua.
Meanwhile there was a panic in tho Moghul camp.
Sivaji and his Mahrnctas were plundering the tents
and cutting down the flying soldiery. Havoc and
confusion reigned supreme.
Next morning Jaswant Singh went to make his
“ H»*owUI through Citron.
MOOHCL EM I’ll: I! : AUBAXGZBB.
3117
apologies to Sliaista Khan. The Moghul general was cn»p. vn.
not to Iw hoodwinked by the Rajput. “I thought,"
lie said, “chat the Maharaja was in his Majesty's
service when this evil befell me." Shaista Khan was
assured in hia own mind that Jaswunt Siugb was
privy to the whole affair."
Aurangzcb was enraged at the news. He recalled ituiniu.irMi-
Shaista Khan, and sent him to govern Bengal in the
room of Amir Jumla. Early in LC61 there was worse
news of the Mahrattas. They had poured down the
mountains to the sea and plundered the Moghul port
at Surat. The English at Surat saved their factory
by a brave resistance. One Englishman was taken
prisoner, and carried off to the tent of Sivaji outside
the town. The MrtltroWn Kfija was at home ; he was
ordering heads and arms to be chopped off front un-
fortunate wretches who were suspected of concealing
their hoards.” Such were the public acts of the
illustrious founder of the Mahrattu empire.
* Til* oimtlve of lb* St>b->»» i«>cV ,11 S!a*tn Elan ird hU o»=p w
giren oa li* authority c< Uanoaifci ibiungh Catron. * u:5.«nt farr i«
<uld Klu4 Khin. ib-liu Ehia l« *ii>l k> !*»■« talra up hn <iuomr«
in lb. unn cl P-nna, in > liouu which h>4 Uco Ui.Il by Sitiji ind oeeaftad
br Slr.jL The >1 lintlu gel into it* (own by joining i nrarriag. pn«iM.
They Dole tbfif «iy bto lb« buuui itfoogh tbo eok-roiai. They •'-!>-
•ajoetlk nude their etmp*. and were —•* iu tho dhtnnoe climbing a till
iy the Bghl of lorcliM.
nil rorj i. .viiittlr ihv tas<1l«ocfc of »•<□* V«tr»U> Brahman. Khali
Kb»o proinbly picked ii up during hi. lr»«b hi the MihratU o.-antrr. ]e
u out citdible Ih.t r. Meghnl Beblmta. with • luge iMfcglin. aceuitccMd to
•r*rj luxury, uU-jU Lire uk«o up bit qurun m a Itthiaiu hooie.
Manoiiuh:’. aiootul U (a p more iitaple *=d iur^igihia. H« [.totally draw
It op ’ey ih. light nt Uurra reedvnl (rom the iwt «{ wir. Uuuuthi, how-
mr,u;i afawt tl* oimivu<« > t Jaiwant Singh ; that U gi'*n> • !!
Ik. authority cl Khitl Khan. )> !• «**J tu «ader«aihd Jaswani Singh heat
euhcnrn'd ia an attack tike (hi! iWiiiml u, the text It U (liffloult to
undori'ind =■** h. maJd he concerned in * burgfcuiooi attack through a cook-
xom. like that dr»:-il« lj KuS EW
“ EogUafc record! at Sera!, qno'-d «y Orant luff.
333
uistoey or ihdia.
cn.F. m The year 16G4 is a turning-point iu the reign of
“. r UE M, ‘ Aurangzeb. His health broke down ; he sunk into a
debility which rendered him unconscious of all around
him. His sister, Royshaa Rai Begum, took entire
charge of his chamber. The Tartar women kept con-
stant. guard over the door with swords ami bows. So
much secrecy was observed, that many believed that
the Emperor was dead ; not even the ladies of the
seraglio know whether Aurangzeb was dead or alive.
»n.'.n>i_w. Royshan Rai Begum had laboured hard for Aur-
augzcb during the reigu of Shah Julian. It was
mainly by her help that lie gained the throne. After
his accession she had become sole mistress of the
seraglio. She resolved to provide for her own aggran-
disement iu the event of LiR death. The oldest son
of Aurangzeb was nineteen years of age, born of a
Rajpiit Sultana; he is best known by bis title of
Sbali Alain. The accond sou was a pretty boy of six,
born of a Muhammadan Sultana; lie is liest known
by tbe name of Azam Shall. Royslion Rai Begum
resolved to set aside tho eldest sou, and place the
second son, Azam Shall, upon the ihroue. She hoped
by these means to rule tho empire through a long
minority. She addressed a hundred letters iu favour
of Azam Shah to the different Raj as, Viceroys, and-
governors of the empire. She t»x»k (lie signet of the
empire from the finger of Aurangzeb, and stamped
every letter with the seal.
Mr>rv« Some suspicion of wuot was goiDg on reached the ears
of tbe ladies of the seraglio. The mother of the eldest
son, Shah Alani, was a Rajpiit princess, but she was
first Sultana She had married Aurangzeb when he
was young, and had been allowed to bum incense
before her idols iu his seraglio ; and she still possessed
MOGHUL EM : AL'itANfiZEB.
030
much iullucaeu over Aunmgzob. She resolved to find
out whether the Emperor was still liviug. Sho bribed
tlie Tartar women, and gained admittance to the sick-
room. She taw that Aurangzob was still alive, but
unconscious o: her presence. At that moment Roy-
shan Rai BcgtiU caught sight of the intruder, rushed
ou her like a lury, tore her taco till it bled, aud forced
her out of tue room. 0
The first Sultana was bitterly mortified. She wrote
to her son nu account of till that had occurred. This
l’riuce, as already said, is best known by his title of
Shah Alain, or "King of the World.” Tie hud u
palace and establishment of his own. He began to
take measures for defeating the designs of his aunt
in favour of Azam Shall.
At this time Jai Singh, Raja of Jaipur, was at Delhi.
At such a crisis the Hajptit might hare decided the
fate of the empire. Shah Alaui went to him aud told
him that Auraugzeb was dead ; that he himself claimed
the empire ns hi< birthright; that he did not mean to
cement the tbrono by the murder of his brother? ; aud
that he was even willing to restore Shah Jehan. Jui
Singh commended his intentions, deprecated the re-
storation of Shah Jehan, promised his support, but
would not commit himself to any line of actiou until
lie knew for certain that Auraugzeb was dead. Shall
Alam prostrated himself before the Raja, and took
liis leave with the same salutations as were customary
to the Emperor.
Jai Singh was far too wary to risk the wrath of
Auraugzeb. Ho spared no pains to learn the truth.
He distributed thousands of rupees amongst the
our. vn.
Jill, (bn. ‘.U
cr,.4 m>
l.i'ru-l.
anlUn
UfcDOiuU Oil m.
340
Hisronv Of india.
eunuchs of the palace. At last he had positive news
that Aurangzeb was very ill but still alive. Ho re-
fused to meddle with the claims of Shah Alain,
ortbiia&nr- It was strange that throughout this period there
were no attempts at an outbreak. Wild hopes were
excited at Agra that Auraugzcb might die and Shall
Jchau ho restored to the throne of the Moghuls.
Couriers were constantly going to Delhi for news,
and as constantly returning with no news whatever.
Every ono was in mortal fear of Aurangzeb. The
grandees at Delhi and Agra looked ut each other, but
said nothing. Not a man dared to talk about tho
death of the Emperor or whisper a word about Shah
A!am or Shah Johan.
Ac length Aurangzeb began to recover. He was
restored to consciousness, took an interest in public
affaire, and managed to show himself to the Raja of
Jaipur and a few of the grandees. Suddenly ho
missed hia signet ring. Hu accepted tho excuses of
his sister that it had fallen from kia finger ; but his
suspicions wore excited, aud he resolved ou discover-
ing the truth at some more seasonable opportunity.
After a while Auraugzcb was able to take his sent
upon tho ihrono at a public audience. He hud given
orders that every one should bo admitted, however
simple their degree \ aud that all should approach
him in the order of their rank. All the people of
Delhi flocked to the palace to make tbeir soldms. Ho
edified all present by his expressions of piety. His
sickness bad been a warning from Heaven that he waa
only mortal; his recovery was a blessing from the
Almighty. As a murk of gratitude ho relieved Mu-
hammadans from certain imposts which were still
levied from Hindus. This was the first public iudi-
MOGHUL EMI'lEK : ACBASGZEB.
241
cation of the policy of intolerance which was to bear
such bitter fruit hereafter.
Aurnugzeb grew more ati.l more suspicious of his
Bister, Royshau Rai Begum. The ladies ami eunuchs
saw that she was under a cloud ; they had long hated
her for her pride and ill-nature, and they were ready
to repeat any story against her- Aumngzeb was told
that his sister hud taken too signet ling from his
finger only to ensure the succession of the boy Azam
.Shah to the throne of the Moghuls ; that she would
have aroused the empire to anus but for the universal
fear which he had inspired as Emperor; that she had
kept his illness so secret, that no one knew whether
he was alive or dead ; that bIic had insulted and
assaulted the first Sultana for venturing to cuter lus
sick-room.
Aurntigzcb was alarmed at these expressions of
ambition, fie knew that hia sister would shrink
from nothing to gain her ends. Ho showed his dis-
pleasure whilst hiding his fears, lie increased the
dignity of tho first .Sultana ; gave her n new title, and
lauded her for her patience under affliction. Such
trifles arc nothing in ordinary life, hut they stir up
the fiercest passions in tho confined r.:r of the ser-
aglio. Royshan Rai Begum was so mortified that she
begged to be allowed to leave the seraglio and live
in a separate palace. Aurangzeb refused the request
without betraying his feelings. He prctcudcd that
her presence was necessary for the superintendence of
the education of hia younger daughters.
Meanwhile the eldest daughter of Aurangzeb began
to play a part iu the seraglio. The daughters of the
Moghul emperors had a strange destiny. Those
bom of Rajput mothers were sometimes given in
fiur rit
Atn;n«b'*
LI lUtti.
r -axtf irtirn
itfeDPA’i
342
HISTORY or 1XDIA.
chip. tit, marriage to Rajpdt princes. 3 Bnt a certain number,
Dever exceeding three or four, were treated as prin-
cesses of the imperial blood, and were supposed to lend
lives of celibacy. Spotless parity in single women is
by no means an uncommon virtue ; it is to be Eeen
nmongst Asiatic widows ns well ns in European
spinsters ; but amidst, the surroundings of a aeraglio
it i3 often a mere question of liolts and bars.
The scandalous lives of the two daughters of Shah
Jeban, tho sisters of Aurangzcb, have already been
noticed. Tho elder, known as Begum Sahib, accom-
panied her father in bis captivity at Agra. The
younger, Royshan Rni Begum, had become the mis-
tress of the semglio of her brother Aumngzeb. Bat
ambition could not quench her Amorous fire. The
porters and eunuchs wore all at her mercy. Her
amours wero the talk of the eunuchs ; and when it
was known that, she had provoked the displeasure of
Auraugzeb, the talk soon reached the imperial ears,
v,— f ..f Little is known of the daughters of Aumngzeb, but
uujtwrv that little is very significant. Two of them wero
bom of tho Muhammadan Sultana, who had givon
birth to Azam Shah ; they were married to state
prisoners — one to n son of Darn and the other to a sou
of Murad.* 1 Manouclii tells the story of the marriage.
The mother bribed a fakir. Every Friday morning
99 Some dovbU oo thfo point w rr* *xpre*«*d in a previous oliijitor. lh+j
Iiavo ftinct bwo routovoi by tb« cridonc* o! Catro^a, luMd oo tit* autLirity a 1
Manouclii. It !• dlrfioctly sUtol that ft dmighti* of Stinli Jahaa by * Rijpdl
wotbor mi g\nn it mtrrii^pi to Jamnt Sii>*b ( th» R.\» of Jodbr«r. 7V«
!• not fttatftd m an M*Ud f Kt, but v bftif in acmnlanw with TU
1m l ftocouaia for tl»a fcnfaocad loyally of Xiftwast towards Lis falh#r*
Id law. Shah 71m ha* boon nttonlly ^ncred Ij ortbrv£cx
Mubaarouvm historian!. It ftftd ippmoiij to bo a uu£< Id tho rv%n
of AOTlPRO^h.
" EUlott Birtxr. rol. Til., p 1*7. 5Iin~uclii U.ro«|h C*Inm.
MOilll'I. EMPIRE: ACKAXCZBD. 343
when Aurangzeb was going to the mosque, the fakir cm?. m
culled upon him to give Lis daughters in marriage,
Auraugzeb spoko to the fakir; pleaded the ill conse-
quences of such marriages, and urged that they were
contrary to the fundamental law of the Jlohguls."
The fakir replied that Muhammad, the Apostle of
God, had given hi? daughter in marriage to the
Prophet Ali, although he must have foreseen t!io
tonihlc schism which would foQow, Auraugzeb was
convinced hy this argument, and consented to the
marriage of his daughters . 13
Fukhr-u-Xi'd, the eldest daughter of Aurangzeb, was ■«-
a mure ambitious princess . 11 Site remained single iu the
eeruglio, and sought to supplant her aunt. For some
time she is said to have snared in her nunt ? gallan-
tries. Then she quarrelled with her Mint. She helped
to enlighten her father about his sister’s irregularities.
There was n private massacre of the aunt’s lovers.
According to -Manouohi, they were put to deuth in
a variety o: ways, without any form of justice . 14
Eoyshan Rai Begum disappeared for ever from the
scene. It was said that she was poisoned."
11 Xo lr.c=> tre 1‘ 1- f-mul M tbi- ••'•ralUJ fua<UlWJ>l.il l.« «.f ilio
Mutbula. Tlit-o 1* l(»* f-r b*1i"ri>« slul i*. win i intj.ru iLimiinn. It.
troth r*-=i« I<1 bn lh.1 tb-f* «>r. |ri»» ii Inn mtj ol wcuKug
L.itaniU t«r ».n— |i>!oc<Hn. No A'.- b-«. emW >
Uiu^lilrr if it« Emj.nr ; rh. wu'd l»rr i.trrf-r*-- v.lh uJ UifUuura,
>uU,l la. oib»r »ll4 » rml <•! u>l uil-.r bin br- «!ir. f>r hf».
“ Tb.ro It io ro»wif t<> Ilio oulLmtlcAj of li>« «tnry. Tom !•,
linwowr, m»-3 lo toli-r- Uirt 14. f.kir wi>o >«o<l ■ f.rl "«* pTr-mptfil >7
Jr.ir, k -r.b hint.. I. V'tl. r Cf.no d.i’l. >itrc.h.t mat'.r 00 tl» OWit ' .-
ti. r,* »l*o '4. a{t»» pin-". ■:••-:»«] Iron tW .inion with the moot Ut -
tiful priM.w*. >i curt.’ Tii» l» « * “xat
“ K.khr-c-Xiof i> lb. iiuk gtera »7 C»tr-o Sb. m aunt Mo H,U
r^gtim by Mimti'mn hirtarfet*. S.e KHirrtV Hi-tory, rot til, p. 193.
** MukoiU «y. lint oo* w.» |v jwtrJ, ui.:! -f k Ilr-i br > *-nrrr. • *t-
p*oi, .nr. n.r. mnjilrd to il.WU bv «l«a uU, ju.1 msx wet* cot a n by
the
■ MiDWj.bi through Citrou. Tbire i« Mm. <1 -obi »b<*l lit* cxocs ii.U m
314
HISTORY Of IXDU.
CHIP. Y11
r*iw x vu
IxWmir.
Ibo*r»l line
of Auot^wii.
Faklir-U-Niei took her aunt’s place in tlio seraglio.
Henceforth she exercised nn ascendancy over her
father that was felt atul known. She was worshipped
as the dominant star, of the Moghul.** Sho was bom
in 1639, consequently in 1664 she was twenty-five
«r
n
Aurangzeb was atill very far from well. The heat
of Hindustan aud scorching air of Delhi were against
him. His daughter wanted him to go to the cool
heights of Kashmir. She pressed the matter all tho
more warmly because she was eager to leave the
seraglio, to travel through the provinces, to show the
world the favour in which she stood with the Emperor,
and the superb equipage in which she was to travel.
The court physicians also recommended tho Emperor
to go to Kashmir. At. Ia3t. he gave his consent The
6th of December 1661 was fixed for the departure."
A 1 Delhi was filled with preparations for the jour-
ney of the Emperor. At this period Aurangzeb fell
tb* death of this prfxcr*^ It would aptfc** f:»m Xanoucfci that ilia dl*i
fe*fcr* tb« Kiupcr >r’a ycain *y to Kxabuilr. Ik-ruttr bowert*? describes R: jkhxx
Rai Ragum ga'.ug oa }outnmy uiuunUd on a atuf*Qd:«i» P«gu aUphant*
It it HnpoMiMt to itcftocib inch cuotradiatiuoa. lUywbia Rai Bagusi ®ny
i**TO pent bed during tfea journey, cr tk# jirincM* by lUrtibr mar n«»t
Lire been Royr^aa iUi Be*r*m, Vataon* othrr Indy. ptrbnp* Fakbr-a-Nbl
It in e#rt*tn that lUnir? must bare kept at a ccoaxlerabto dnUcc© fmm tha
icraglio
» UmucmtM through Citron.
»Bl m'* H.IOT j, tab til, p. 19fl. nil p-Cuc***. ur.d *r tha n»a- of
Zebu 5?ic5, »• pra>*d ** a port by Maliauinudoa wriUm 8b* is uid to ta«»
UiorotiRb'.r prodcifnt ia tLr Korin.
“CitKU say* that the (Jib of Doetuber slxteea liualml and sixty"
w** tha day ef devutmu. Tbw b & mbtnka, Iba weed M four** Lx* p*rL»ju
drc^pwl cmt. BartUr net only uy> 1604, botdnU* bU su forest inttori
l Mi and 166 J ; xud Bcrnxr biwlf ora<nrint*d th* expedition U> Kaibmfr.
YLt preceding ditei aro all ixed from Mahratu reo:<d» and Kogliih reform
al Surat quoted by Grant Dull Stvaji au/pfiaed Sbai>ia Khan la W6I>
jdimdmd Surat ia January 1664. Atair Junta rat nnud fmui Axuni iu
1M3, died ia 26M; tbr now* nwcbid Ar.r**£»b at Ejakmlr.
MOGHUL empire: aurangzhb.
ajj
under the suspicion of a crime which long tarnished hit »n
his mcuioiy. He was afraid to go to Kashmir whilst,
his father was alive at Agra. He appointed a governor
of Agra on whom he could rely ; ho ordered a largo
army to encamp at Agra ; still he was a prey to dismal
fears, and sank into u melancholy which alarmed all
around him.
At this crisis ambassadors armed from Persia with r.o..
menacing letters from :ho Shah, Aumagzob tried to
hide Ilia uneasiness by a show of courtesy. Shah Abbas
the Second, win a Stiff and a Shiah ; his .sympathies
were with Shah Johan, who was also a Shiah, and
he hated Aurangzeb as a bigoted Sunni. He demanded
the liberation of Shalt Jehau.
Anrangzeb was in sore strait?. The Slier if of Mecca
refused to acknowledge him ; the Shall of Persia
threatened him; lie risked his life if lie remained at
Delhi ; he risked bis throne if he went to Kashmir.
The death of Shall Jehau would remove all liis trou
hies; hut for a long time he shrank from the odium of
parricide. At last he worked himself into the belief
that tLc necessity justified the crime. He confided
his troubles to hia daughter ; she could not see the
matter in the same light ; she revolted at the idea of
putting her old grandfather to death. Sue luul con-
nived more or less at the death of her aunt, but then
her aunt had been a rival in love ami ambition.
Poisoning a termagant of her own sex was a bagatelle ;
poisoning an aged prince, whom for years she had
revered as a sovereign and a grandfather, was a criwo
that filled her with horror.
l'akhr-U-Kisa tried hard to allay her father's fcnr>. n.. ■>«»«
No one had attempted to seize the throne during his
sickness ; no one was likely to seize it during his ah-
31G
HIS TOUT OF ISDIA.
cmf.rg senco at Kashmir. His subjects, who revered him,
bad always despised Shah Jell an. The old man was
seventy -five years of ago ; slio begged her father to let
him spend his last days in peace.
but Aurnngzeb was not to bo moved from his pur-
pose. It was true that no ono rebelled whilst ho lay
a helpless invalid at Delhi ; but no ono was certain
that lie, the Emperor, might not appear nt any moment
at the head of hia army. Absence nt Kashmir was a
very different matter. Eebcla would know that no
nows could reach Aurnngzeb for weeks, and that more
weeks must elapse before he could return to Delhi ;
during the interval he might lose the empire for
ever.
Aim 4t AgTx Aurangzeb was case-hardened against remoro or
slmmc. Ho had caused the death of three brother?,
au eldest sou,” and n sister ; but he wanted to justify
the crime of parricide. Alarming news from Agra
drove him to lake action. The governor nt Agra had
insulted the imperial captive; in return Shah Jelian
struck him in the face with a pair of slippers. The
governor ordered the guards to arrcBt the prisoner;
not a man stirred, not a man would lay hia hands
upon a sovereign who for years had been reverenced
as a deity.
&■.*<- mii=> The disaffection nt Agra sealed the fate of Shah
Jehftn ; but the first blow was averted. A cordial
was sent to the physician of Shah Jeban; the phy-
sician was a Moghul who had long been in atten-
dance on his imperial master. He was hound to
that master by a loyal attachment which was not
" rh. f»U of Uaii aUml *«. M-Lnunl, Lultl In llin yreviooi 0>«p«r.
6b»b AUso ”>• non Ibn «Jdr« mb
mog m.'i< EiirrnE : acsusgzeb.
uncommon in Moghul household?. He knew that <-n.r vn
the cordial was poison, and drank it himself; lie
tank into a lethargy and died without pain.
Aurangzeb tried another tack. .He sent presents
and submissive letters to Shah Jehun. ’luu old inuu
was growing weak nn<l foolish ; lie sent some jewels
to Aurangzeb. In return, Aurattgaeb sent him «
European physician. The name of this Euroj*eau
has not been preserved. Ho had been employed
in more than one net of poisoning, ami lmd been
advanced to high dignity in the empire. Tito
death of Shah Jehnn was booh announced. IIow he
perished is one of the many mysteries of the Moghul
regime.
There are grave suspicions that Aurangzeb was
guilty of parricide. No one was ignorant of the fnc
that the death of Shah Johan occurred »t the right
moment to allow 'Anrnngzch to .‘•tut! fr«m ll-lhi a: tho
appointed time. Various accounts wore given of his
death. One thing alone was certain; the death «<f
Shah Jehnn relieved Aurangzeb of Die deep melancholy
under which he had long been labouring. I’akhr-n-
Ni“ii congratulated her father on the event. She
feigned to know nothing of the guilt of the Europcuti
physician. She n-crii-.J tho death of tie* old Em-
peror to the care of tho Almighty for the safety of
the empire.
Then* was a magnificent funeral at Agra. An rang- rur.*>i ■< «i-»
zch Lurried to the city by water in order to conduct
the remains of liis father to the famous shrine of tho
Taj Mahal. The body was lilid on a splendid ear. Tun
army marched before it arrayed in cotton, which was
the sign of mourning iu Indio. Aurangzeb followed
the corpse in solemn - rube's- ; Li' eyes were filled
348
HISTORY Of INDIA.
cor. nt with tears ; but what was panning in his heart was
known only to a higher power.*®
Second Period : Aurnngztb at Kashmir, Delhi, and
K&bul, 1GG5-80.
aimkim At Kashmir Aurangzeb was another man. He
threw off all the languor, melancholy, and anxiety
which oppressed him iu the hot palace at Delhi. His
predecessors had built a charming palace on the
margin of the lake of Kashmir. In those cool re-
treats he gave himself up to pleasure in the society
of his ladies. Soothed by their caresses and flatteries,
he indulged iu ambitious dreams of war and policy.
He busied himself with Europeans ; he thought to
establish a maritime power which should cope with
the ships that came from Europe Iu imagination he
saw himself the conqueror of China, the ally of Persia,
the sovereign of all India as far as the southern ocean.
Vision after vision faded away ; but throughout the
interval of rest and case, the active brain of Aurnng-
zeb was never sLill.
r.—.*. In ICG j the Europeans bad no territorial settlements
in any part, of the Moghul dominion. They had fac-
tories at Surat on the western coast, ami at Ilugli iu
Bengal ; but all their territorial possessions were out-
•• Till. <Ie*tU of Srub X-bnn 1« Koxajnt&il tti'.li dlS'ul^.. nluth drf/ tL,
bov. puimil and cxIimhUt. r<lu Met konr il, but wtt* airiid to -,-w
•boot -.t E.rnUr ucnmimniod Aiirini*.b In Knelunlr in «b» lull Uliof tint
Sluh J*h«n TO Jiv« it Ajr». Kbit Klun «ij> tbit Stub J«l=n ditd la
Jin'nry l«e. T»v«rrJif, wlio nu in too Dekbu at tlm Umr. toyi I.
W of Ui. dcatS it th* nod «J WA. It ■.ill W mu hwetto? tbit tfc. Sh.h
of P«r*i» "ii iu»titW=i of the crimo r«rj aJiortlr »ftor tbt dcilli of Kih
Jaian.
MOGHUL EMPIRE : ACKAXCZEB. 349
side tlie Moghul empire. Bombay bordered on tiic cri ic ru
Hindii kingdom of Sivuji, the Mahratta ; Madras
bordered on the Muhammadan kingdom of the Sul-
tan of Golkonda ; tbo Portuguese *otileuicut at Gou,
the largest European colony in India, bordered on the
Muhammadan kingdom of the Sultan of Bfjdpur.
In those days the regular European trade in the East
was carried on by Portugal under the name of the king,
and by England and Holland under the nnnio of their
respective East India Companies, but there was a
large irregular trade carried on by European adven-
turers on their private account, without any sanction
of kiug or charter. They were called interlopers and
pirate?. Their hand was against every man, aud even*
man's hand was ugainsc them.
At Kashmir Auraugzeb heard that one of the im-
perinl ships that carried pilgrims to Mecca had been
captured by a European pirate. This was no uncom-
mon disaster iu tbo seventeenth century. No Asiatics
can withstand Europeans on the high seas ; and ships
loaded with Muhammadan pilgrims and much treasure
would be regarded its fair prize by so-called Ciiristiau
pirates. Unfortunately some of the pilgrims were
ladies belonging to tbo imperial seraglio ; and ir wa*
reported that they had been ruddy handled by their
European captors.
Anmngzeb was much exasperated at the insult. Ho «!<**.« » mik
resolved to build a licet l'or the suppression of piracy,
ilis vizier warned him that lie had no sailor, no pilots,
no marines ; that one ship manned with Europeans
would rout twenty ships manned bv Moghuls; that it
he employed Europeans, they might slip away with
ships and cargoes, and there would be no one to follow
them. But Auraisgzeb was bitten with a mania for
350
HISTORY OF IX DU.
l|L _ building ships on European principles. He resolved
that his subjects should be taught and trained on the
European system.
jHi«n«»u An Italian jowtfller, named Ortensio Brouzoni, suc-
ceeded in building two ships. They were ornamented
after Moghul Unto, manned with Europeans, and
launched on the lukc of Kashmir. On a certain day
the two ships engaged in a mock combat before the
palace windows. The Emperor looked on with all
his ladies. He saw the ease and dexterity with which
the ships were handled- He felt that no amount of
teaching would import tho some quickness, nerve,
and energy to bis subjects. Accordingly ho aban-
doned the design.
'ipwi. By this time Aurangzeb’s scheme for conquering
China cauie to an untimely end. At first Amir Jumla
encountered little difficulty in invading Assum. He
was supported by u Portuguese flotilla on the Brahma-
putra river. He captured the frontier fortress of Azo.
Ho plundered the tombs of the Assum Rajas, and found
much treasure . 41 He then advanced twenty days’
inarch through Assam to the Chinese frontier.
iMmma-r. There were some difficulties in passiug over the
mountains, but tho valley beyond was an enchanting
legion. The climate was pleasant, and there was
abundance of grain and fruit. The capital of Assam
was named Ghergong . 41 It was situated on a declivity
near tho Chiucso frontier, aud was enriched by the
“ a ** *“»*• o{ Alum IVp.u at Aio ...» wbUnuun wilt*. Tba
K»j»» not burnt alter tbo Ulxi.tCi feablou, but wm buried uitb all tlielr
tr-uunu, and oIm with tioir Uvuurit* wi.M >ud eonoatlaee, alter tie
miDofr «d the anctmt Scftbbma. S- Khafl Kbut in KiUot'. ll»Ucr, vaL
ni. ; tlio Tavernier* a IaCiia Tr«e^, Book ill., chip. 17.
" The rale* uf Ghugag nm on tie Dikbo ririr, wL'cli 1CU lata tk*
EribiQiputi* Hr or Iroui Ui« eoutfc. In llio primal J>> tie Dikbo Kwr ii a
wry U:-5 iliuianai fruui tie Clanew IrontUr.
MOGUCL EMPIRE : At'liASGZEB.
351
trade of China. Tlio Moghuls captured and sacked ciup. to.
the city. Amir Jumla reported that he was about to
invade China. Aurangzcb saw himself already in
possession of China.
From this point there was nothing but disaster.
The provisions of the city were Consumed. The rains
began with unusual violence ; the livers overflowed
their hanks ; the whole country round Ghcrgong was
a deluge. The Moghuls suffered horrible privations.
Pestilence followed the famine. Every day numbers
of corpses were thrown from the ramparts upon the
surrounding water-).
After some months the waters subsided. The inva- Ses-
sion of China was one of tha question. Arnfr Jumla “
beat a retreat to Bengal. The way was strewed with
corpses. The plains were intersected with canals
which had been tilled during the rains. The moun-
tains were blocked up by bands of Assamese with
poisoned arrows to their bows. Amir Jumla was
smitten with mortal disease. Tho Portuguese flotilla
carried the remains of tho army to Bengal. Amir
Jumla died shortly afterwords. On hia death-bed ho
sent the largest diamond iu India as a present to tho
Emperor.'*
Aumngrcb was mortified at the loss of his nraiy,
hut consoled hy the death of Amir Jumla. He had
long auspected Amir Jumla of sinister deeigus; and
Le rejoiced ut knowing that he was out of the way.
Aurangzeb was forced to give his attention to Per- - > tn
sian affairs. Shah Abbas the Second was a warlike
" Hu dj XSJI-I *et pWbu-ly the KoO-S-Ner, : n iu the <d h*r
li wu carried iff lij Sadi? 8Ufc at tl:> *ui of Delhi ::i I'.'ti-Zi.
It ■'ibenatatiy fell luta the Lull cl tu» Amin -( Ktfhul. R&ojlc Sxtjb
lotted $i>H Siuje to give It uro The EngUih t^.'e pcorettittO of It ifto tire
eocqoul ci the Punjab.
Z2
352
HISTORY OK INDIA.
cmf v«i prince, and Aurungzeb was afraid of biro. The Shall
suspected that the journey of the Moghul Enipoior
to Kashmir 'Via a blind for making some attack on
Persinu territory.** Accordingly, the Shah began to
11ms troops in Kandahar. Aurangzcb hoped to quiet
down these hostile demonstrations by sending an em-
bassy with presents to Shah Abbas.
•e-J «rhu>? The embassy of Aurangzcb to the Shah of Persia
must have made some stir at the time. The old
rivalry between Persia and the Moghul was intensified
by the religious antagonism between the Shfali and
the Sun 11 1 . The Moghul ambassador was treated with
a studied rudeness and contempt, which showed that
the Shah was bent on war. The ambassador hiul pre-
pared a long speech of compliments and flatteries to
be delivered at the first audience. Shah Abbas re-
ceived him on horseback, and rode away the moment
he began bis speech. When the presents were de-
livered, the Shah contemptuously distributed them
amongst hi 3 officers. At other audiences the Shah
descanted on the hypocrisy of Aurangzeb ; openly
charged him with parricide; laughed a: his title of
*• Conqueror of the World," which was engraved ou
the Moghul coins. At the final audience, the beard
of the ambassador was set ou fire by a page ; and tho
ambassador was dismissed with a challenge to Au-
rangzeb to come out and fight the Shuh iu Kibul. u
“ At tb:« K-l Kibul to lUo -till! Kuril-
lur was r«(«un xrTr\u*y. Shah AbUia {■rolobly m>]»*cWd Aur*ii£ul> of
»4iiu« dug* oo Ksudahar.
u KanuutLi, through Otfom. $iv#s ths best n.vrrttiru of thin rtnhv**.
Hi* is rmtm t li by Tiisrcuot and lavender. Khali Kbaa my*
ZKrthinj; about iu
l.eTtzrSC itji tbit on oos oociaicci tils ambuautar vcfuioi to Ukc wk>?,
tut w*» ludixed to * j>W* (TVavsU, Pxtt »L, chtn. 11^
Tawnirr w*s uwr tbs i<r;T»»aca that Shall Jshui wta etfd alive, lul
MOGBL'L EMPIRE: AURANGZEB.
353
By this time Aurangzcb had returned from Kush- ciur m
mir to Delhi. He was in no mood for Mailing oil tin? a<-m.v.
ambassador, for lio had been deeply mortified by the
outturn of Mubrutta affairs. He received tlie ambas-
sador with bitter reproaches. “Why bad ho j»cr-
mitted the loss of bis beard ! Why bad be not
avenged the insult by stabbing tbc Shull to the
heart?” The ambassador was doomed; be was exe-
cuted the same day ; be was bitten by a snake whose
venom id ways killed.
Shall Abbas kept bis word. lie took the field with
sixty thousand of the finest cavalry of Asia. An-
rangzcb assembled fresh armies rouud Delhi. He
warned the tributary Rajoa to lie ready with their
respective armies at the first summons. He treated
the challenge of Shah Abbas with contempt, bu: dis-
played so much personal cowardice as to excite strange
murmurs. Ho certainly wo* in extreme peril, but
his good fortune did not fail him. Suddenly Shah
Abbas died of a disorder of his throat, brought on or
aggravated by excessive drinking.* 6
It will now be necessary to revert to the progress
of Mahratta affaire. In 16(13 Sivaji hud committed
the onslaught on Aurangzeb's uncle, Shoista Khan.
In 16G4 bo bad plundered Surat.
In 1664, before Aurangzeli left Delhi for Kashmir, h>sji <«■«•«
bo bad sent a large army against Sivaji. It comprised
a Muhammadan force under a Muhammadan general,
and a Rojpdt force under Jai Singh of Jaipur. The
details of the operations that followed nrc of no
r-coru thil SLih AUiu cLix:«il wiib )«••— -'M- T<n*rai*T
(oufinaa lb- •ut*iu«at Uul lbs ttohani-'.e U»l ti» let-;, bul »j« is «-•
<fl tTririt, in India, Rsok ii, caau. T .
“ iiiroa;b Cunn. T*.r»r»»r >!:<«• t!*l 6i.iL Abtij died iu
ItM. Aa b>!( . is cav u|> 0 - cbr nnlisj-.
354
HISTORY OF INDIA.
out. vn
Tr*A£&»r/.
u«*i >i ww.
Airmiiett
|tu:.
interest; but Jai Singh was told to negotiate with
Sivaji, to induce him to make his submission to the
Moghul, and to offer him the post of Viceroy of the
Dckhan under the Moghul. Aurangzeb had calculated
that Sivaji would rely on the good faith of the Raj-
put when he would refuse to believe the word of n
Muhammadan. For himself, Aurangzeb trusted no
uuc. He would not allow Jai Singh to lcuve Delhi
without leaving his eldest son as hostage for his
fidelity.
Aurangzeb judged correctly. Jai Singh was deceived
hy the Moghul, and Sivaji was deceived by the Rajptit.
Sivaji never for a moment doubted his fitness for
the post of Viceroy of tho Dekhan : he was dazzled by
tho prospect of being Viceroy under the MoghuL Ho
soon agreed to go to Delhi with bis eldest son, Suin-
bhaji ; to teuder his submission to Aumngzcb ; to re-
ceive investiture of the exalted command.
Tiiero was treachery all round, excepting in the
heart of Jai Singh. The Muhnnmiadim general knew
the trickery of Aurangzeb, whereas the Rajput be-
lieved that Aurangzeb was in earnest in his offere
to Sivaji. The Muhammadan wanted to assassinate
Sivaji in order to win the favour of the Emperor.
Jai Singh refused to listen to any such proposal. But
his belief was shaken in the good faith of Aurangzeb ;
and he wroto to bis son at Delhi to keep an eye on
the safety of Sivaji.
The Mahrntta reached Delhi swelling with pride.
He knew that he was feared. Indeed, lie might well
imagine that Aurangzeb had need of his services in
the expected conquest of Bijlipur and Golkondu.
Aurangzeb had very different intentions. He bad
ensnared tho "mountain rat" only to humble him and
MOGHCL EMPI1SK : Al'BAStiZER.
355
destroy him; to avenge the onslaught on Shaista Khun cmr. v»
and plunder of .Surat.
Sivaji expected to bo petted oh a welcome guest. a^ia.
He found himself neglected and held in contempt.
No one greeted him on Lis arrival ; he was only told
to remain in his touts near the gate of the palace.
All inquiries respecting an audience were put off with
evasions and excuse?.
After a weary delay, a day was fixed for the audience.
All who worn conversant with the Moghul court were
conscious that unusual preparations were Icing mode
to overawe the Mahr.itta. The audience was held in
the splendid hall of the Downu-i-Khns, with its massive
column? of white marble picked out with birds and
flowers iu precious stones. Aumngzeb himself de-
parted from his usual custom. Instead of appearing in
simple attireon an ordinary throne, he entered the hall
in a blaze of jewels, and took his scat on the peacock
throne of Shuli Jehnn.
The great hall was crowded with grandees. They or.u i*.
were ranged according to their rank 011 three succes-
sive platforms. The iirst platform was covered with
gold, the second with silver, the third with marble.
Sivaji was admitted to the golden platform, hut directed
to take the lowest, place. He knew that he was not
ranked as Viceroy of the Dekhan. He could not
master bis auger. He openly charged Aurungzeb with
a breach of faith. He turned to the grandees above
him, ami called them cowards and women ; he had
defeated them in battle, but here they were placed
above him. Ho then left the platform, anil stalked
out of the palace. He had bearded the lion in bis
den, aud was reckless of the consequences.
It is difficult to realise the effect of this suddon out-
HISTORY OF IXDIA.
356
buret of wrath upon the assembled courtiers. There
had been one or two outbreaks of Rajput* at the palace
during die reign of Shall Jeban ; but the bold defiance
of tho great Moghul by .a rude Mahratte from the
mountain* was beyond all experience, livery one ex-
pected that Sivaji would bo beheaded. Every eye
was turned upon Aurangzob. l'lio Emperor had lis-
tened to tho Mnhratta with porfoct tranquillity. A
malicious sniilu lighted up his face whou the grandees
were charged with cowardice, but that was all. De-
ceit was habitual to Aurangzeb. He could hide Iris
rage with smiles, or veil his joy with sadness and tear-.
Little could bo learned by those who watched his
countenance of what was goiug on within.
Aurang-fob had still a part to play. He sent his mini-
ster to pacify Sivaji. The angry Mahrutta was told
that newcomers were never placed in tho first rank ;
tlint thougli he waa to lie appointed Viceroy of the
Dekhan, he had not been invested; that justice would
bo done to bis merits hereafter. Sivaji feigned to be
satisfied, but was soon subjected to more trickery. A
guard was placed overbim under pretence of shielding
him from the wrath of the ofl'oudcd grandees. He
was requested to remain in his tents until a palace
could bo prepared for him.
A palaco was indeed prepared, not for entertaining
Sivaji, but for murdering him. The plot was dis-
covered by the sou of Joi Singh. The escape of Sivaji
from Delhi U told with a variety of romantio details.
He and bis son are said to have been carried out of
Delhi iu a couple of empty* fruit hampers, and to have
reached their mountain homes in tho disguiso of re-
ligions mendicants. The mode of escape is of no con-
sequence to history. The Euglish merchants on the
MOGHUL EMPIRE : AURASGZEB.
357
Malabar coast observed, in a letter dated Septem- nur m
ber 16G6: "If it l>e true that Sivaji hath escaped,
Anrungzeb will quickly bear it to bis sorrow,"
Aurangzeb must have been exceedingly wroth oti'-r«n-
tho escape of bis prey. He devised uew schemes for
entrapping the “mountain rat,” but the difficulties
bad multiplied. Sivaji was aimed against every ar-
tifice. Never agaiu would he believe the word of
Moghul or Itnjpdt; never again would lie trust to
oaths, whether sworn on the Koran or on Gauges
water.
Nevertheless the Emperor preferred stratagem to >'i»ni«nn
war, or only declared war in order to conceal a strata-
gem. He sent another army into the Dckliun under
the command of bis eldest son, Shah Alam, Ic com-
prised n Muhammadan force under a Muhammadan
named Diler Khan, and a Rajput force under Jai
Singh of Jaipur. Rut the J'riite* Imperial, Shah Alam,
was generalissimo.
Shah Alam was to raise a sham rebellion against ju» - ;.m«
his father; to invite the co-opomtion of Sivaji ; to en-
snare him in his toils in order to destroy him. Such
a rebellion wag in strict accordance with Moghul pre-
cedents. The oldest son of every Emperor from Akbur
downwards had rebelled against his father. Tiieie
was no reason to doubt that Sivaji would eagerly join
in such a rebellion against the Emperor Auraugzcb.
Aurangzeb had other results to work out by ihi8sabin«i«u.
sliam rebellion. lie wanted to know bow far the
army was disaffected, and to take measures accord-
ingly. He had a third object of the utmost impor-
tance, but that will appear in tbe sequel.
c Mincmcbl tlm.ogh Caron. G™; D :ff> " << tl* MjIimUm.'
71* Umr quote! io 1 U 0 tut lUu on apFiuximatc ii»u.
HISTORY OF INI.U.
riixr vw.
Stufl
«.r> trV et.
359
About 1667 the army of the Moghul moved into
the Dekban. Shah Alum fixed his headquarters at
Aurangabad. Jt was soon evident that there was
treachery in the air. Sliuh Alam remained inactive
at Aurangabad; he forbade nil raids on Sivaji's terri-
tories. To inako matters worse, Sivaji wns ravaging
the Deklinn up to the neiglibourhood of Aurangabad.
Reports soon reached Delhi that Shah Alam was
afraid of Sivajf; that he was cooling the ardour of the
soldieis by delays, and wnsting the time of the officers
by festivities. Auruugzcb feigned to thoso around
him to be much concerned at these rumours. Tie
wrote letters to the generals in the Dekhan, begging
them to watch the conduct of Shah Alam; to report
Lis movements, but obey him in nil things. At the
Eotic time he authorised Shah A huu to begin negotia-
tions with Sivaji.* 6
Shah Alam sent an officer to Sivaji to explain that
he was about to rebel. The coming revolt was noised
abroad. Shah Alain sounded liU officers; they all,
with one exception., agreed to join him in the rebellion.
The Rajptils were especially enthusiastic; they all
knew that. Shull AJam’o mother was a Rajput. Tho
one exception was Diler Khan, who coumiandod tho
Muhammadan army. He suspected artifice and ran
off to Delhi.*"
Shah Alam drew up an agreement committing all
his officers to tho rclwdlion; all signed it excepting
•* HbiMoi hi, wbo reUfco all ti*«o detail* thrungh Catras, wm ctbUtsflj on
II** if*/, tni In tho C6*1&:aot <4 Shoti Alim. Ha aayo, what w ay to r«willf
tolkwd, LUL all All Aluowuio •Ulfattmia 'A liU fs.ti.rr, Aurvirinb. that ho
Miiuhl K4 up KK|;fUi H ob* with Siviji until ha TWiM a wrltti*
authority fn.ui lb* E«p«W.
• Xinovcbi uji that Dilar Kfann win tto m»n of oil ottoro
Aunognb d*«ir*d to o*crii tripping; *jh! tint the Brapornr Lid Mct KUn
so bia ayo when ho ooatoott d tho ahAin robeUioo.
MOCHBL UMPIRE : ACRASGZBB. 359
Diler Khan. One copy was scot to Aurangzcb an«l cn.r vn.
another to Sivaji.
Tlic Mahralta had become preternatural!)' suspicious »io,r^..
since his escape from Delhi. He readily signed the
agreement to support the rebellion ; he applauded
the resolution of Shah Alain to the skies ; but he did
not move ; he waited for circumstances; ha bided his
time.
Shall Alam played his part to perfection. He led si«. i—
the army somu marches towards Delhi. He is.-u.nl
proclamations that Le was going to dethrone liis
father and take pc&sewion of the empire ; he promised
governments to his geuerala, increased pay to his
officers, remissions of tribute und abolition of imposts
to the people at largo.
Sivaji had lm spies id the camp of Shah Alam
well as at the court of Delhi. He heard that envoys
from the Emperor had ordered Shah Alam not to crass
the river Charabal. He also heard that Sluih Alam
had dismissed the envoys with contempt, and was
pushing on towards the river. So far the Prince
1 uipeiial seemed to he in earnest But suspicious news
came from Delhi. The Emperor expressed anger but
showed no uneasiness. This was enough for Sivaji ;
he made up his mind not to leave the Konkan. Ho
pressed Shah Alam to go on to Dolhi ; for himself, ho
would stay in the Doklian, maintaiu order, aud keep
a retreat open for Shah Alum in the event of any
disaster.
Shah Alam was foiled. Tie begged Sivaji to join n^v.i i«:.j
him ; he said lie wanted Sivaji to command the army
in the room of Diler Khan. The ilahratta refused
the bait; he had been caught once by the offer of the
viccroyalty of the Dckbau. lie replied by flattery
360
HISTORY OF INDIA.
chap Trr
Ik<
Prthw> *.
|U U-..L
and compliments; lie began to sec the band of Au-
rangzeb in tbc game of rebellion.
There was no further hope of catching Sivaji. The
farce was played out on the bunk of the Cbnmbal.
Preparations were in progress for crossing the river.
An envoy from the Emperor rode up to Shah Alain,
seized the bridle of his horse, and ordered him in the
Emperor's name to return to Aurangabad. Sbab Alam
pretended to faint; be changed colour; be said he
would return to Aurangabad- The rebels wero iu
dismay. They might havo torn the Prince to pieces,
but there was no union among them ; each man sus-
pected bis fellows. To crown all, an army of twenty
thousand fresh troopa suddenly appeared under the
command of Diler Khan, Resistance was in vain. All
the rebel officers wore punished by death or exile ; all
the rebel soldiers were drafted to other districts to
serve under oilier generals.
Auraugzeb had failed to entrap Sivaji, but be Lad
effected an object of greater importance than the
capture of the Mahratta. Every Moghul Emperor of
Hindustan had suffered from the rebellion or usurpa-
tion of his eldest sou. Aurangzeb bad already put
liis eldest sou to death for rebellion. Shah Alam
succeeded as heir-apparent ; henceforth he was crip-
pled and disarmed. He could never rebel against
Ids father. Not a Moghul or Raj pile would trust him.
Ho had betrayed them once ; lie never had an oppor-
i unity of betraying thorn again.
The further progress of affairs in the Dckhiui is for
a while an entangled wc-b. There is a jungle of ob-
solete details, but no history. Treachery underlies the
whole, hut the ciue is obscure. There was some sort
of peace or understanding between the Moghuls and
MOGHUL empire: acha.ngzlb. 3ul
the Mnhrattas ; some large concessions were made to 'nit m
StvftjL To all appearance Sivaji was bribing Moghul
and Rajptit generals to leave him alone, while ho pur-
sued a predatory career iu the Dekhan and Peninsula.
Iu 1668, after Aurangzeb had been ten yean o:i A-....* .
the throne, lie issued an edict prohibiting liis subjects
from writing the history of Lis reign. Hi is prohibi-
tion is another mystery in the life of Aarangzeb. A
religious reason was aligned; men were to sot their
hearts on heavenly things, and not nu things of this
world. All this, coming from tho lips of Auvaogzcb,
was more flummery. Every Moghul sovereign took
n special interest in the history of liis own reign ;
lie sought to exaggerate what was good, and extenu-
ate wimt was evil. All the bo- called memoirs of
Moghul?, from Timiir to Johnugir, bear marks of
being garbled. But the reign of Aurangzeb could
not be glossed over. He was strongly suspected of
the murder of his father, of having shown the white
feather to Shah Abbas, of having concluded n dis-
graceful peace with the Muliratfa Baja. Such may
have been the secret reasons which induced Auraug-
zeb to prohibit history. Ife lnd already abolished
music in older to suppress satirical sougs, aud i: is
easy to believe that he abolished history for a like
purpose. The edict was certainly obeyed. Khali
Khan confesses that after riie tenth year of the reigu
he relies for his fact3 chiefly on memory and hearsay.
Henceforth the chief authorities for the bistort* of the
•
reign of Aurangzeb arc the memoirs of Manouohi as
told by Cation, aud the English record? as preserved
in the Madras Presidency.*
K Ttw £ iU nro mvj .ible a j £tir.*£ ilulrt. &*, t nr, 1*4 iniay
*5 tb« X*hr»:u rtturdt qa^d ly Gt%:\ Dili Tbu » all tie iai-
362
HISTORY OF INDIA.
out vil
AWm iWn.
a ' t» • n
(4 KJUil.
l*Xtu straisfr.
*• t'kit Uis
li*.*i*.
The current of history now reverts to the North-
West. Kiiliul was nominally a Moghul province, hut
the Afghans were most refractory subjects. The
Moghul governor of Kabul resided at Peshawar ; he
was cut off from Kibul by the Klmibur Pass, and yet
be was supposed to keep the Afghans of Kabul in their
ollegianco to the Moghul. During the advance of the
Persian army under Shall Abbas, the Afghans had
been especially turbulent, and were probably ready
to side with Persia.
After tins death of the Shah, Amiu Khan, soil of
the deceased Amfr Juuila, was appointed governor
of Kdbul. lie employed t!io army which had been
raised to repel Persia to engage in an expedition to
punish the Afghans. He left Peshawar, pushed
through the Kbaibnr Pass, and entered the plain of
Kabul. The Afghans retreated to the mountains,
and Amin Khan could not follow them. In his con-
tempt for the Afghans, lie had brought the ladies of
his seraglio with him, mounted on elephants. Fail-
ing to bring the Afghuus to an engagement, and run-
ning short of provisions, he resolved on returning
to Peshawar.
The Afghans saw thut. the Moghuls were at their
mercy. Whilst Am(n Khan was vniiily trying to
penetrate their mountain defiles, they had gone off
by secret tracks to cut off hia retreat through the
Kliaibar.
The Kliaibar Puss is a valley enclosed by sharply
pointed rocks. The Afghans concealed themselves
u C.lnin liu rn.il. MOM niUt.il. In tf* fbroiclcgr. Mr. BlpWu.
»vin. ilw lumi.fcM impiitaat dtUa from Mohsain^Un authcrilkt, whirfa
mm to cleir up aeiioui dllBeullia. Tb» imhor o»m hit Art*. la train otxa
K.U.. —»(Jt of tha iUAn* frw,i(Ojy in Sir Ctimlci Tmolv.ii, t ho Com-
uur uf lUdiu, in lito.
MOGHUL EMPIRE : AUBAXCZEB.
363
behind tho heights, and suffered the Moghuls to enter cn»r m
the valley . 11 Suddenly, ns night was coming on, they
ruahed down tho sides, sword in hand, uttering the
most horrible cries. Amin Khan employed a holy
Santon, who was reverenced by both parties, to arrange
a peace. The Afghans were so bliud with rage that
they beheaded the &m!ou. 1! There was uo way of
escape for the Moghuls. The Afghans were cutting
their way to the elephants. Amin Ivhau slid down his
elephant, leaving his secretary in the howdah. He
cut down an Afghan, assumed his dress and 111013, aud
got off in the darkuess and confusion.
Amin Kbau saved nothing but his life. His secrc- k-s'.i
tary was cut. to pieces ; his army was massacred ; his
treasures were rifled ; hia chief wife was slaughtered ;
his mother, sister, and daughter were carried away
captive. The daughter was doomed to a hard fate.
She had been betrothed to Akbur, third son of Au-
rangzeb. She was recovered from tho Afghans, but
doomed unworthy to become the bride of Akbar.
Aurangzeb showed his marked displeasure. He
recalled Amlu Kliau ; he sent Mali aha: Khan to
govern Kibul. The new governor had known the
Afghans of old. Ho remniued quiet at Peshawar,
and for some time there wn 3 a lull in Afghan affairs.
All this while Hindustan was tranquil. Palace life i>*»i«in>/.
at Delhi was undisturbed by Afghans or llahrattas.
Aumngzeb was easy in his mind.
M rwfertwee bo bee® made to modem g**£TV£ 4 j. Tbt deaeripliuti *,l
th? Kbnibcr it git to la tL* language of Mir«»:bl .» tepntld br Cttrcu,
It akowfl that Jtaooucbl wit well acquainted with *11 lb* detail# of tb*
•XpetltMO.
,s II wfU he r-njfmW«i that Aur*»fteb IimI m dared to execute tb«
£*ikr>u* wbo Ltil Jotsed Dara Tho A f/fcnrm tivwt b»v* bwi dr.v«u frantic
by tb# pnNpfd of revenge before tLey could jure Ycftiortdaa iuard«rir>g *
SAiitOH
HISTORY OP INDIA.
cn \P. TO
>«»'*<** tnn
U*x4.
Tit nirVlxa
S^altAui.
Atsnttf**r»
tnwllr.
364
About Ibis time the Sheri f of Mecca began to repent
that he had refused Aur.ingzeh’s money. Now that
Shall Jehon was dead, there certainly was no objection
lo his accepting Aurruigzeb's donation. He sent a pre-
sent of holy relics to Aiirangzcb. such as the top of the
broom that wus used to sweep the tomb of the Prophet,
and other small matters. The relics were taken to
Delhi by u pious Imdrn. Aurangzeb received them
with every mark of tespect; he overwhelmed the
ambassador with honours ; lie never referred to tbo
money. At hist the Imdm broke tho matter to one
of the ministers; lie was told that the money had all
been spent on works of mercy. lie was compelled to
return empty-handed to Mecca.
A new story came from tho seraglio. Aurangzeb
was fascinated by a fair-complcxioncd Christian lady,
named Udipurf. She was a uutivc of Georgia. When
a child she had been brought to India by a slave
dealer, and bought by Data, tho eldest brother of
Aurangzeb. She grew up to be so exceedingly beau-
tiful that she became a great favourite with Darn.
Probably she was one of the secret causes that led
Dara to declare himself a Christian.
When Dara was put to death, Aurangzeb demanded
the two favourite ladies of his •elder brother; ho
piously remarked that ho was bound by tho Koran
to marry hia brother's widows. One lady was a
finjpiU ; she took poisou rather than obey the sum-
mons." Udipurf was more complaisant, she surren-
dered at discretion, and became the favourite of
Aurangzeb.
The Sultanas were accustomed to give magnificent
“ TS”* .birj. Ui.l riia utd S« fan. -ilk. .Umn-nL AH
go«iip *1 Mcgtiul ctarta in of tlU ngtin an J cratniirtory character.
MUG1ICL EMP1BE '. AURANGZEB.
805
fates to each otlier in like balls and gardens of the cn\r. m
seraglio. They vied with each other in the splendour
of these fates. Aurangzeb was always present ; conse-
quently they vied with each other in their dre3se.s ar.d
adornment*. But Udipuri always carried away the
palm ; Aurangzeb was infatuated witli her. The other
ladies grew bitterly jealous and plotted her min.
As Udipuri was a Christian, she was allowed to drink «i*.D.nh.
wino ; occasionally she abused the privilege. One
day there was n grand fete, but Udipuri was alisout.
Aurangzeb called for bis favourite ; lie was told that
she was indisi»osed. Tie saw a malicious smile ou tho
face3 of tho ladies; he hastened to her apartment,
and found her for from sober. He was inclined to
wrath, but her beauty disarmed bun; he wus more
angry with the Sultanas who had forced him to sec
her in such a plight. Ho ordered that no mole wine
should l>e brought into Lhc seraglio, bnt continued to
show his preference for Udipuri
Indulgence in wine was the vico of Muhammadan r. B *.w
seraglios. Mussulman Indies arc said to havo urged
that, a» they were to h- kept out of paradise, they
wero not bound to refrain from wine. Begum Sahib
revealed tho extent of feminine intoxication to her
brother Aurangzeb. She guve uu entertainment to
the wives and daughters of grandees and divines ; she
plied them with wine and then admitted the Emperor.
N.-xt day there was an edict issued forbidding all
women from drinkiug wiue “
“ thru ii'U C.lrnu. TU court modal) by tic Viccllm
pliyiicUo in tb* cantor j *ti in bereouj w.lft id U:« an««nfc
tn^USunt ol JtojpC* Mid M-v/inl Tawtf oio pi Horen o( auidi «onTi-
in Fcrgiuon i w Tree *cd Swpeat Wortiip." TUw i* x ttory in tLo
lUrrayatifc of M'X ftUmUng licr buiYuCi! KaXuO ht h#r int«Xttfttion. L’LtUr
kiA prwivtd ft »ioiUr »€«,* h ilia latruJurtn n to Lift Life o! Y&ttQUditja.
3C6
BISTORT OF INDIA.
ch«p rn.
\Utct r*ai».
Aur»<t|"Vs
It.bet Icn of
Uw
Amidst these revelling* the city of Delhi was some-
times thrown into a great fear. Aurangzcb was hate<l
by the Hindtis. .More than once, when the army was
absent at the frontier, tlio city xvas threatened by a
mob of Hindu lunatics. On one occasiou the zealot*
were headed by un old woman who played the part of
sorceress. She inspired her followers with a belief
in her supernatural powers ; she culled on them to
dethrone the Emperor as the enemy of the gods.
'lTiey marched on towards Delhi in u religious fer-
vour. A large body of horsemeu tried to stop them,
but were dispersed by the fanatics.
Auraugreb brought another form of superstition into
play. Ho had Jong impressed the people of Hindu-
stan with the belief that he was a magician ; he
confirmed that belief by his sacrifices of pepper. He
raised another body of horsemeu, and armed them
with texts and magic devices fastened to their banners
and horses' manes. The power of tho sorceress was
broken ; the fanatics were cat to pieces. Henceforth
the people believed that Aurangzcb was the greatest
magician in Hindustan.**
About 1672 there was on outbreak in Kilml which
threatened to swamp the empire. Shuja, the second
brother of Aurangzeb, was supposed to have been
killed in Arakn.ii. Suddenly a man professing to bo
Shuja appeared in KfLbul : ho told stories of wild
adveutiirc mid hairbreadth escapes ; he gaiued the
lloliruH'ii* in u. thirtieth century dei-hbf* the ilHnklcj bout. o( tho
M tghuli and tlnir wivr* in tbt of TuiUry. CU»;jo t th« -S;onuii
to Samarkand ot (U btfllxmt*$ of ti>4 fifw-nth wntury. tow urn*
Until drlnUig r.Tnungit tk* Icdloi i»l tL« o;«url of Timdr.
“ tkrm.jU CaIt>ii. A •iroiUr *^r7 it loA by Klftti KUno. Tha
ftuirioi yrir* cmlUd Uomlilit and Tbfj wer« iliitioguUUed by
U«(triTbg of all bair, «veu to tLclr ryclrattf* i.ud ry*^ruy.*t.
MOGHUL EMPIRE : ACBANGZHB.
3G7
ears of tlie Afghans, anil was soon at tlie head of n chap vn
largo army. To this day it is a mystery whether the
man was Shujn or mi impostor. Malidbat Khon,
governor of KAbul, believed him to l>e really Shujo.
lie made no attempt to suppress the outbreak ; he
refused to interfere between Annuigzcb and bis
brother.
The rebellion grew iuto a national movement. The a. m«»i
A fghans accepted Slmja os their Sultan. They in-
dulged in dreams of the restoration of Afghan dominion
iu Hindustan. Their ancestors had been defeated by
Baber und conquered by Akbar. They resolved to
avenge the wrongs of their fathers ; to rciuipoflc the
Afghan yoke from the Kdbul river to the mouths of
the Ganges.
Tim Moghul empire was evidently iu sons peril.
The army of the Dekhan was brought up and dis-
patched to the north-west. Ail the available forces of
the empire were hurried off to t he banka of the Indus.
So imminent was the danger, that Aurangzcb took the
field iu person. Ho loft his seraglio behind ; he had
neither palanquin nor elephant ; he appeared on horse-
back, lance in baud, iu the first rank of the army.
The war lasted for more than two years, hut little
is known of the details. The river Indus was crossed
iu the old fashion on wooden rafts supported by
inflated ox-skins. Mahdbat Khan was sent back to
Delhi, and died on the way ; it was said that he was
poisoned at the instance of Aurangzcb. Nothing was
apparently effected in Kabul. The Moghul army was
harassed day and night by constant at tacks of Afghans.
Sbuja, or his representative, was secure in the recesses
of the mountains.
At last treachery was tried, and treachery on a
863
HISTORY OF INDIA.
chit , tii gigantic scale. Aurangzeb left K 4b til and returned
'"“‘•w- , 0 (jno Kasim Khan was appointed governor
of KdbuL He sought to lull the Afghans into a sense
of security. Ho won them over by an affectation of
friendship, lie abolished all taxes ; probably be had
found it impossible to collect them. He showed none
of the haughtiness nud severity of former governors ;
he mingled freely in Afghan assemblies without fol-
lowers, and often without anus. He wanted the
Afghans to givo up Sliuja, but found he was treading
on dangerous ground. The Afghans were enchanted
with Kasim Khan, but they would not betray
Shujn.
rnii.niMu Perhaps the greatest festival in Muhammadan
households is the circumcision of the eldest son.
Kuaiin Khan prepared to celebrate the event in his
own family with public rejoicings. Games and ex-
hibitions wero to be held in the great square of
Peshawar. There were to ho elephant fights, horse
races, and pnlnnquiu race?. The festival was to lie
accompanied by a great feast in the square.
jiwjmm >< All the Afghan grandees were invited to PoBhawar ;
they came without fear or suspicion. Sliuja was
invited, but sent an excuse. The exhibitions were
brought to au end aud the feast began. It was held on
a large platform, covered in with an awning on the roof
and sides. Suddenly, in the midst of the feast, Kasim
Khan gashed his hand in cutting a melon ; ho asked
leave to retire ; his leaving the assembly was a signal
for massacre. Bodies of muBketeere had been posted
in houses overlooking the platform. They poured
volleys of musketry on the Afghan guests. There
was no way of escape. Armed squadrons filled up
every avenue. The massacre spread weeping and
MOGHUL EMPIRE I AURAXGZEB. SCO
wailing throughout KdbnL Shuja fled away, and
was heard of no more.
Aurangzeb vehemently condemned t.lie perfidy.
He called Kasim Kliau to Delhi ; he degraded him to
the Second rank of graudees; shortly afterwards he
raised him to the first dignities of tho empire. No
one can doubt that the runssuerc of the Afghans was
the joint work of Aurangzeb nud Kasim Kbau. !l
Afghan affairs gave no further trouble. The people
were paralysed by the massacre. Nothing more is
told of them throughout the reign of Auraugzeb.
Tho current of history reverts to the Dokhtm
Whilst the Afghans bad been threatening the gates
of the empire, the expeditions and exploits of Sivaji
were the terror and wonder of the Dckhau. The
Mahratta prince levied choiit ou the territories ol’ tho
Moghul as well as on those of the Sultan of Bijilpur.
He levied opcu war on the Sultan of Bljdpur, to
whom his fathers had been vassal*. He extended
his kingdom of the Konkan, and prepared to assert
himself in the eyes of the world as an independent
sovereign,
The year 1674 is a standpoint in Muhnitta history.
The English at Bombay were making the acquaint-
ance of Sivaji at the very time he was preparing to
bo installed as Malaraj.i. The Europeans in India
were iu u transition slate. Charles the Second wus
revelling at Whitehall ; the Portuguese were labouring
to keep up a show of magnificence at Goa ; whilst
wealth, !mde, and power were passing into the hands
of tho Dutch. Tho English were settling down iu
11 Uuiuudil tkr»Qgh Cr.r-i. MuMu'tiua .riun iUiul »b.ul i-f
ravocit, *&i on!.* **!ude W tin w»ra 0i« Afgbaca,
cn.*P- vii
PcHM r »f Air*
lUpvU.
' J*t4.
f « nc-
(«UiA
r»i rt ;
£3
370
HISTORY OF INDIA.
rail 1 rii tlieii forts at Madras end Bombay, and struggling to
keep up a few exposed factories in Bengal,
mu,., A Mr. Oxenden was governor of Bombay. Tan
years before ho had been agent at Surat, and suc-
ceeded in keeping the Mubrattas out of the English
factory. Since then Sivnji had become a great man.
Oxenden wanted to open a trade through Sivaji's
territories into Bijdpur. Accordingly he went on
an embassy to Sivnji, and was an eye-witness of the
coronation."
ewMoiiu.^ The Maharaja was installed on the throne of die
Koukau in Moghul and Rujpiit fashion. Brahmans
performed their preliminary ceremonies. The new
Maharaja made pilgrimages to pagodas. At last, on
the day appointed, Sivnji took his scat upou the
throne. He received gife and congratulations from
all present. Ho was surrounded by the iusignta of
sovereignty borne aloft on lances — the golden fish-
heads, the scales of justice, and other well-know a
symbols. He was solemnly weighed against heaps of
gold and silver, which were afterwards distributed
amongst the Brahmans.
M.iinKiw In 1675 another eye-witness describes the state ol
the frontier between the Mahrattas and the MoghoR
The hone of contention between the two was the
fortress of Joonere, about sixty miles to the eastward
of Bombay. Sivaji was born at Joonere, but the
Moghuls held possession of the fortress."
A Dr. Fryer went from Bombay to attend the
" iboorit »f Brill ih TnSi. ; a Hilary cf It. Ogli* S-UImwiM in
lints, u U-l in ih, Oortrsmrct lUcunU. lb. «mk. oM tra.eller., ftc.
11; lli« mlW ©! tbr pii9.nl ItiMajr. Ti. trill b* crcunailly clltd
tlmiugbirnt the mn&ioder of th« toI« :n>*.
** ioxun ^ In Ilia d-l.-kl ul Fmu.
MOO 8 CL EMPIRE: ACIUNCZIB.
371
Moghul governor of Jooucrc. Ho saw the lines of ciup. vii
natural fortresses opposed to each other; he heard r./.r.^u
tho shouts of the watchmen Oil the heights above
him. He describes the Mahrattas us a ragged lot,
with their hair covering their ears. The Moghuls
were more decent and respectable, and carried tlieir
weapons in better fashion.
The country was ft desolation. The Moghuls do- dimuiuo.
Strojed everything, drove away cattle, carried women
and children into shivery, and burnt down the jungle
to drive out fugitives. The Mahrattus were just as
des tractive- The cultivators ploughed the lands, but
Sivaji carried off the harvest, The people were half-
starved wretches, living on grass, and herding in
kennels. They were greedy for money, but bad no
provisions to ealL The people of the towns were
better off, but in constant alarm. 6 *
In 1G77 Sivaji was encamped near Madras. He r™ji .<
bad marched uu army from the neighbourhood of
Bombay to the neighbourhood of Madras. He had
passed through the territories of the Sultan of Gol-
kouda. He conquered tiie Hiudu Rajas between
Golkouda and Madura. The English ut Madras sent
him n present of cordials and medicines. Nothing is
known of his conquests beyond the fact that be
respeetod tbc zenanas of the Rajas, whilst his son
Smnbhnji violated them by bis lawless irregularities."
Auraugzeb was at Delhi. He thought to conqueraimi-.w^m
the Konknn whilst Sivaji was away iu the south.
But Sivaji was forewarned. He left his southern
** Eirlr B«nrt, of British Indis. Vljtr i tumbled oc ttmugr icqiiiut-
■bom i a din; fakir, oho could ml; U« Uul qal.l b; strong drui ; tod to
ipoititc Dulctmun, oho hi<l turn'd MumuImm Ji order vi nun; iwo vii»<.
* Oiiut Duff; and Eut; Erccfda of Er.lUU ]»!.«.
HKSXXMIY OF INDIA.
C1UP. Til.
lr»
X u
372
kingdom in che charge or his second son, Ram Baja,
and hastened back to the Konkan before tho Moghul
army reached the Dekhiai.
Shah Alnm commanded the Moghul army of the
Dekhan. Ho could do nothing against the Malirattas.
He could neither climb the precipices of the Western
Gh&tA nor force his way through the defiles. If La
made the attempt, his troops were cut off by ambus-
cades or repulsed by inferior numbers. Meanwhile
Sivaji and the Mali ratios ravaged the country like
Cossacks up to tho very gates of Aurangabad. The
Moghuls liked the Dekhau, because they could «|uoeze
money and supplies out of the Sultans of Bijdpur and
Golkonda ; but they were constantly harassed by the
Mahxattas. At a time when tho Moghnl army was
beginning to mutiny for want of pay, Sivaji cut off
a convoy of treasure on its way to tho Moghul camp.
It was Sivoji’s lost exploit lie died about 1080."
Third Period: Auntngztb's Religious Wan
1680-1707.
The death of Sivaji was accompanied by a marked
change in the life and policy of Aurangzeh. lie aban-
doned all show of toleration towards Hindus; he was
bont on dethroning Hindfi gods and suppressing
Hindd worship ; he resolved that faith in God and
the Prophet should be the only religion of tbc Moghul
empire.®
11 XaoOmbi »y« tb>‘. Siraji d*d ia 10T9. Gnat Duff iay» Ajril 1050
Pijutbj* Juo.1680.
M MnnccoW through Citron rofimtc \u A<aruigx«b ux x cA Cbrw*
lUzu. Oil rcasico fee t U tt kltt S m xrt p|*ii lo A ^rxugml •llcm-fd
MOGHl'L KM PI BE : AL'BAXuZLB. 373
Aunmgzeb begau tbc work of persecution wit.h the cnxr m
destruction of idols and pagodas. A great pago<la5» | ^|""'
near Delhi wna burnt to the ground. The magaiii- H€ “ v
cent temple at Mathura, whose gilded domes could be
seen from Agra, was converted into a mosque. Vice-
roys nnd governors were commanded to destroy idols
mid pagodas in like tnuuncr throughout the empire.
Lurgc numbers of Yogis, Suniasis, aud otlu-r Hindii
penitents, were driven out of Hindustan. The great
Hindi! festivals were strictly forbidden. All sen-ants
of the Moghul government who refused to become
Muhammadans were deprived of their post*.
So far the people of India seem to have submitted
to their fate. Aurangzcb issued another edict, which io>»w.u*
nearly drove them to revolt. He ordered tho Jezya
to be levied, the old poll-tax on infidels. This tribute
had been exacted from all who refused to accept tho
Koran since the days of tbc Prophet, and the Arab
Khalils who succeeded him. Tt had beeu exacted from
Hindtia by tbc early Muhammadan conquerors of
Hindustan. Akbr.r abolished it as being inconsist-
ent with his policy of toleration. It was revived bv
Aurnngreb os the crowning act of the Sunni revival.®
Clrutiicx to «jJc« win* mil drink :t : I:- only prohibited tboia fran lelling
■toe til Mohw*in>Aoii« Aj«do. bo Ulowrd the Cfcrirtim htluin In •how u
Uin crorlti. but would rut allow thorn to exhibit pif.si'* and imngr* in tli.ir
cUurcbu. TuU woo tcltraUy ki«eaaiiiJ.uag, ottlng that wine »od idol-
wortbip or. mi lUisii'.loa to MubatnandoiiB : U Mold Karedy be failed
pm6M»tCQw
There i« ow rtwy of moHyrdonn A eert-w* FatW ilyodnth ixu owoy
freaGm, turned MuUouimidm, toil surfed lereroi »!>««. 8tsU<<i»stly
he nwinl to turn lock to Ciiriitiomty. Probably h» wi'w inflamed >s»itie>
him. At *ty rote, ho wai urated by tfc- Mahunaadui UtliorltWa. He <u
ueaf to ofl tbweU »>kI Ukod to oil UraptoiMca. Apur-ay n pusuhed by
dr.ilh ocaordiag to M.luanioJaa la» After’* nfmoi* to lh« EciMfOr,
Father Hyneiiilh woe faeb-ui.cl *» AciMigoUd.
“ JUn ,o:bI through Citrun.
374
HISTORY OF INDIA.
C HAP. Til
®to<H «r?«r
* 4 Nr/«f 7 * t»
*k« Jttj*
J
i-4,K
/Mkyurr»Jatu
The Hindis detested the Jezya ; they appealed to
Aurangzeb in vain. One Friday they blocked up the
way to the mosque. Aurangzeb ordered the elephants
to rramplo down the mob. 3 1 any were killed, but
still the Hindus complained. At lost they yielded
to their destiny and paid the Jezya."
The collection of Jezya by Aurnngzeb is one of
the most remarkable phenomena in Indian history.
It was a property-tax of the most o (Tensive kind,
exacted From all who refused to become Mussulmans.
It was even levied on the English and Dutch inmates
of the factories at Hnghli ; but they were allowed to
commute the demand by making a yearly present of
Persian horses to tie Nawnb/"
Aurangzeb was resolved that the subjects of Rnjptit
Rojos should pay the Jezya. .Tni Siugh of Jaipur was
dead ; lie had been deceived by the sham rebellion of
•Shah AJam, and was said to have been poisoned. His
eldest son was a hostage at Delhi. The kingdom of
Jaipur was thus open to the Moghul officers, mid the
Jezya was paid.
Jus want Singh of Jodhpur wasalso dead. His widow
was regent of Marwar. She was the daughter of Shall
Jchan by a Rojptit princess. She had been brought
up in the palace, and taught by her mother to worship
Hindii gods. She refused to allow the Moghul officers
to levy the Jezya within her dominions. She was
threatened with war; her heart misgave her; she was
• 4 HUB Khun, 1 . 1.1 by
” m.iury „( B-S^al, «v* AM tlic Jci)» «» «J pK il„u.
«ml m »11 pfopwly. Ttm «i<k. I.mo, «*i lillml «ii* artim). CbrUliau.
|>» : d .a biditiuQU duty of It j~r wi‘_ oo ihtlt Ir.l-.
Kuiouiii Olnra nyi taio mcrrh.oM joid U) . „,j ranB>
CJ fiitxKi; I3il po>r (u^r. 1 ., 31 nipwj.
MOOD Cl EMPIRE : ACRASGZEB.
37 0
allowed lo redeem tlie Jezya by the concession of the _cb»p m
district of Mirca.
There was no one loft to resist the Jezya but the
Rons of Udaipur. Ho alone bore tho brunt of the c ‘*r"-
storm. Aurangzcb sent him the most arrogant de-
mands. The Rina was to allow cows to 1« killed
within his dominions ; to throw down the pagodas
or suffer them to be turned into mosques; to ad-
minister justice according to the Koran ; and above
all, to require his subjects to pay Jezya or turn
Muha mmad ans.
The Raua was at bay. He had no alternative blitn«*.i..
to renounce his religion or fight on until the bitter
end. He resolved to abandon his cities ami terri-
tories in the plains; to retire with all his subjects
into the Aravulli mountains ; to defend their lives and
liberties behind the precipices and defiles of the Am-
vulli range against the whole might, of the Moghul.
Aurangzeb was exceedingly angry. He resolved
to wreak his vengeance on the Raua; to crush the
petty Rujptit who dared defy his power. His pre-
parations were on a stupendous scale. It was the
old story of Moghuls against Greeks ; the hordes of
High Asia against the Hellas of India. It seemed as
if Aurangzeb projected the subjugation of n potent
sovereign rather than of ft refractory Raja, whose terri-
tory was a mere speck on tho surface of the empire.
His sons were summoned from their governments at
the extremities of his dominions. Shah Alam com-
manded tho army of the Dekhan; Azam Shah tho
army of Bengal ; Aid-sir the army of MdUan. The
fourth son was too young to command an army, but
still ho accompanied his father in tho war against
Udaipur.
37 G
HISTOr.y OF INDIA.
cmp.vu. The Aiavulli chain of mountains begins a little to
Am-ou ».«. t jj 0 of Ajmir, and runs toward* the south-west
past the city of Udaipur nc the foot of its eastern
slopes*. The western aide ia formed by a mountain
wall which overlooks the sandy plain of Jodhpur or
Marwar. On this sido there is hut one opening that
can he called a pass ; the opening is opposite the
village of Ganerao. The eastern side is broken into
defiles, which overlook the fertile territory of Udai-
pur, the garden of Rajputana.
r ,~ "-.hu Each of the four armies of the Moghuls had its place
of rendezvous. Shah Alum, coming up from the Dek-
han, marched past Ahuiadabad towards the western
wall He entered the- mouutains at the pass opposite
Ganerao. He made his way op the bed of the Gdmti
river, and then turned south towards the great lake
in front of the liana’s summer palace at Kankroli.
There he halted. The road was partially blocked up
by the lake and palace. If Shah Alain had gone far-
ther, he would have imperilled the communications in
hia rear."
Ai.aDok Azam Shah, coming up from Bengal, seems to have
got to the south of Udaipur, or else to the westward
of the Aravulli .singe. Ho could do nothing Im-
pound hopelessly against the mountain wulL There
was no*, a pass open to any one, save Bhiis and goats,
from the city of Udaipur to the pass at Ganerao.
Aumngzeb was joined by his son Akbar at Ajmir.
Me theu advanced south towards the city of Udaipur,
on the eastern side of the range. Mot a soul inter-
rupted his program to the cnpital of the Rana. He
* A gift:** »•. rbret 4i» uf tU Top«tfra{>bical &irv*y Mxj* <4 IndW »i A
tafltraU 8hxb AIauTi xud tb. gcaicnl chxr»c«r of ti>« Anvu ill
nuijjf.
MOGHUL EMPIRE : ACBAXGZEB.
877
tricd to enter a defile which seemed to reach to the
M.-irwar sido. Suddenly ho found himself entrapped.
Before and behind the way was blocked by ramparts
of trees, impassable for horses or elephants On
cither side the Rajptits lined tho defiles. To make
matters worse, the beautiful Udipurf was surprised
in another defile, and carried oil’ prisoner by the
Rnjpfita.
For a whole day Auraugzeb and his army were
starving in the defiles. The liana still inspected the
Moghul. Ho ordered the trees to he removed, and
thus released tho invaders*. lie delivered up L’di-
puri to the Emperor. He begged Auraugzeb to
abandon his claim for Jozya; above all, to spare tbc
sacred cows, who had been left behind to pasture in
the plains.
Auniugzcb despised the clemency of the liana.
He left his sou Akbar in command ; ho beat a retreat
to Ajmlr ; before ho went, he ordered the slaughter of
the cows."
For years the strength of the Moghuls was frittered
away before the Aravulli mountains. Aurangzeb lav
in slothful ease at Ajmlr. He exhorted bis sons to
pierce the defiles ami capture the Rana. Each one
sent back bis excuses, or declared be was starving out
tbe Rnjprits. No one ventured to cuter tho defiles.
All this time the Rana was sending out messengers
to nron&a tho princes of Rajputana to turn against
their common enemy.
Meanwhile a dangerous plot was brewing. Akbar,
" Til. fnra-j.iog iiimilir" hi* lw»o drawn up oo the nntliuiit? of Manoadii
through Citron ; «ho on th- Botiro tuShoritio, traroUtoi by T»d :n hia
gnu n.nk on R-jkiilun. Thm ».re tome lotuoia U*e to.,
but nothing ut my nxeMUt,
en tp. rn.
r.iip.i
<Ub*ut,
Noiit.' »r Af.
► >
at hr rn.
AkU*.
******
Tlir rr
Timms*
nfcmfctt «f
378 HISTORY OF INDIA.
the thin! son of Aurangzob, was a rebel at heart. He
occupied a position nearer to Ajmfr tliau either of his
brothers. He knew that Aurnugzeb had denuded his
army to strengthen his sous; that the Emperor had,
in fact, only a small force at Ajmfr.
At this crisis the widow of Jaswant Singh of Mur-
war sent secret messengers to Akbar iu the joint
names of herself and the Rauu. She exhorted him to
rebel against his father; to seize Aurangzob at Ajmir ;
to mount the throne and take possession of the empire.
She promised to send fifty thousand Rnjpdta to sup-
|>ort him ; she declared that every worshipper of the
lliudu gods would join him the moment he begun
his march to Ajmfr.
Akbar closed with the offer at onca In due course
lie was joined by the fifty thousand Rajputs. Suc-
cess was a certainty. In an evil hour lie consulted
his astrologer. There was a delay in making the
calculations. A spy revealed tho plot to Shah AJam.
The throne of the Moghuls was in sore peril, Shah
Alum saw that his own birthright was in danger.
Possibly lie was mortified by the thought that but
for the sham rebellion lie might have headed the
plot. Ho sent off full particulars to Aurangzcb. He
offered to march at ouce ou Ajmfr for the protection
of his father against the rebel Aklxir.
The Emperor believed nolioily. He was rudely
wakened to the fact that his force was very small.
He suspected Shah Alain of a design to seize him and
dotliruuo him, just as he himself hud dethroned and
imprisoned his father, Shall Johan, lie wrote back
that Shah Alain was altogether mistaken about Akbar ;
tluit Shah Alam was not to leave his post until fur-
ther orders. Shortly afterwards, Aurnugzeb received
MOGHUL KUi'IKE : AURAXGZEB.
379
letters from Akbar’s camp, revealing tlic whole plot;
one of tho letters camo from Akbar’s astrologer.
Ale bar was on his march to Ajuilr with fifty thousand
Rajput auxiliaries. Fortunately Shah Alain had not
waited for his father’s orders. He was only one day’s
march behind Akbar. The Emperor sent a secret
messenger to order the astrologer to delay Akbnr.
Accordingly, Shah Alam got to Ajmfr three hours
before Akbar.
The chances of battle were verv doubtful. The
*
Rajput auxiliaries rendered Akbar very formidable.
Night was coming on; tho battle was t<> bo fought at
curly morning. Aurangzeb heard from his spies that
the Rajpdta were to form tic first line of Akbar's
army. Hu wrote a feigued letter to Akbar, which
was to fall into the hands of the Rajput general. In
this letter lie rejoiced over the destruction of idolatry
and massacre of the RajptiU; reminded Akbar to
place the Rajp6t3 iD the front, so that they might ho
slaughtered from before and behind ; not a Rajput
was to escape ; the massacre was to bo a sacrifice to
God and the Prophet.
This letter fell, as was intended, into the bands of the
Rajptit general. He at once concluded that Akbar
was playing the same game of sham relwlliou that had
been played by Shah Alam. He thanked the goes
for opening his eyes iu time. Before morning the
Rajptit auxiliaries were in full march for Marwur.
Akbar woke in tho morning to find that bis Raj-
ptits bad lied to Marwar, and that his Muhammadans
were deserting ro the Emperor. The astrologer had
gone off to Ajmfr. Quo faithful adherent made a
desperate attempt to assassinate Annuigxeb, but was
cut to pieces at the entrance to the tout. Akbar fled
nnr vii
Ir-t-c.
AUufiCyU.
HISTORY OT INDIA.
330
□up. vii to Monvar in despair. There ho learned how the Raj-
puts bad been gulled by the foigued letter.
Tit Shah Atom was 3ent with au army to arrrat Akbar
and bring him to Ajmlr in silver chains. The Rajphts,
however, helped Akbar on his way through wilds aud
jungles. Suddenly they were all surrounded hy tho
army of Shah Atom. Akbar was entrapped, but he
was so far safe that Shah Alum could not get at him.
GtHiiofoiA. Then followed a game of craft between the two
brothers. Shah Alum promised pardon and reconcilia-
tion ; ho implored his brother to rely on the mercy of
Aurangzeb. Akbar replied that lie was auxious to
throw himself at the feet of his father ; hut the Raj-
puts were clamouring for pay ; lie was a prisoner iu
the hands of the Rfljptits. Shah Alain was taken in;
he advanced the money. Akbar paid port to the
Rajptits and told them Sliah Atom was in the plot.
The IUjpfit* were so cheered that they broke through
the army of Shah Atom ; and Akbar escaped from one
mountain to another until he found a refuge amongst
the Mahrattns of the KonkaD.
twiMinc For four years the Raua stood out against Aurang-
hVi'i 1, «b. The Moghuls were humiliated in the eyes of all
Raj pu tana. The rebelliou and flight of Akbar made
matters worse. The Emperor was forced to leave the
RnjpiU und fly at the Mahratta; to withdraw from the
heart of Hindustan in order to assail the Konkan in
the Western Ghats. It was humiliating to leave the
idolaters of Udaipur to woisbip their gods iu peace in
oider to fight against the mountain-rats of the Kouknn.
The shame waa covered up in the old Moghul fashion.
The Ran a was supposed to sue for peace ; the demand
for Jezya wa3 dropped. The Rana was left in the
possession of his kingdom without having yielded a
MOGHCL EM lien : AUEAXCZEB.
3JI
point or ceiled a foot of territory. Henceforth Au- rmr m.
raugzeb was devoted to the con-juest of the Dokhan ;
nothing more was said about Raj pu tana.
Aurangzeb concealed his disgrace from tho public *i«.vi
eye by a show of pomp and magnificence which was
remembered for generations, lie had opened out the
secret hour!? of his fathers to establish the supremacy
of the Koran." Ho moved from Hindustan to the
Dekhnn with the splendour ami parade of a Darius
or a Xerxes. Honour and royalty were wanting, lut
there was tio lack of gorgeous colouring or cluth of
gold. The memory of the magnificence of Aurangzeb
outlived the dissolution of the empire .* 0
The pomp of the camp of Jchaugir has been told in
the story of his reign. That of Aurangzeb is told by
Monouchi and tho -MahrutUi records; 7 " it appears to
have been on a grander scale, esjM>cially aa regards
artillery. The imperial army seems to have moved in
three divisions. Omitting a cloud of details, the order
of march may lie gathered from the following outline.
A body of pioneers walked in front with spades and orir.fu.nfc
hods to clear the way ; then followed a vanguard of
heavy cannon ; the imperial treasures, with wealth of
gold and jewels ; the uceouut-books and records of tho
« GoH rapno or a- iun anr very jilrotiful ~ If-lii »t ihU p-riu!. Hire*
•u • full in s*y »t>d a rorr«qiandlag riof in Mini. ui«
*n ‘*ry Isp-rfrrc. H it «ud tl.il ilio Eurojuta u— u la Iniiii io*)3r fargi
bj lb» cbujR* '■< redo*
« Nulhlra 1> d« lingular tbui til* «fT-rS ol iptmdaur. ha«rrre hollow,
■m ibe OriraUl Imagination. Sot miij ; U '« x&i H luOiium-d (bat b.t.1
Kiimborongb <•>. »U 1 I naieaiberrd u tb» E»»l»it bat on* of > 1 ! lb. tl.iti-
•nro-Gnirial Vr all tbo uld native rernnti of Gorlin BMBt-Honre *i Oalsatu,
lnr.ni. on it*** onlifii lia orlrerl »i fry candle to b* light**! 7b« an-
u«e?a«a in, of counr, tb« Gorreoot^knon! of the time. who bonicrd t »
br Iisrt lirerraoc*.
f* Uruit Doff. Hiitorj of thf Mitral U>, red. i, chap. 10. Iliaol.i
tbrv^b Citron.
3B2
HISTOKY OK INDIA.
mu*, w
Tap n*v«r»f
Ctmif UltVOT
rattiiim
p.liry *f l*
|j Clift?
empire on elephants and carta ; camels loaded wit.li
drinking water from tho Ganges ; provisions in abun-
dance ; cooks by hundreds ; wardrobes of dresses and
decorations ; masses of horsemen, which formed the
bulk of the Moghul army.
The approach of tho Emperor was heralded by in-
cense ; smoking cauldrons of perfumes were carried
before him on tho backs of camels. Aurnngzeb ap-
peared on an elephant, or on horseback, or in a rich
palanquin. On either side were the imperial guards
on horseback. After him came the ladies of the
seraglio in glittering howdalis veiled with the finest
gauze. Flocks of other women appeared on horseback,
shrouded in long clonks from head to foot. Light
artillery drawn on wooden rufta brought up the rear
of the imperial household.
Lastly earns the motley host of infantry, camp fol-
lowers, RU tiers, servants of all descriptions, with spore
horses, rents, and baggage.
Wherever the Emperor halted there was a city of
tents and pavilions as large ami populous as Delhi.
Every encampment was a vast square. In the centre
were the pavilions of the Emperor, also forming a
square ; they were moving palaces, with courts, halls,
and chambers M magnificent as the solid buildings on
the banks of the Jumna. Every approach wus guarded
by rows of cannon.
Tho secret of this life in camp transpired in after
years. Aurangzeb had resolved never more to dweJl
within palace walls or quit the command of his army.
He was warned by the futc of his father, Shah Jchan,
never to return to Delhi. He was warned by the
rebellion of Akbar never more to trust a son with a
force superior to his own. He was advanced in years,
MOGHUL EMPIRE : AURASGZEB.
3S3
but he lived for another quarter of a century. lie
spout the remainder of his days iu camp, wander-
ing to and fro after the manner of Lia Moghul
ancestors.
The news of the Emperor's march was soon noised
abroad throughout the Dekhan ; the wonders of his
cauip aud army were the theme of every tongue. Bat
the war against the Mahrattas was as fruitless as that
against, the Rajptits. Sarublinji, the elder son of
Sivaji, wa3 Maharaja of the Mahrattas. Whilst Au-
rangzeh was trying to crush the Ranu, SauiLhuji had
consolidated his power. He was bold and unscrupu-
lous, like his father Sivaji; but the Mahrattas went
incensed against him ou account of the licentiousness
of his amours."
Sambbaji had jtecivcd Akbar with every kindness.
He was prepared to defend the l'riuco against the
Emperor. He played off the old Mahratta tactics;
repulsed every attempt of the Moghuls to pierce the
defiles ; and broke out at intervals upon the plains,
ravaging villages, cutting off supplies, and returning bv
secret ways to his mountain fortresses. He poisoned
the tank® ucar the Moghul camp. Aurnugzeb and his
household escaped because they drank the Gauges
water; but multitudes of men aud horses perished
from drinking poisoned water."
*> Ki»!i Ktan talk » Imwly Mory U MiiirUU liM. which trip*, ont it*
woUu! Sivaji aud Lie desroem* mil £ire;l Lad dug a well uttt
Ills door et>8 *rt up a leocb. It ru hit ouitom to tit thii l»fo:b r aid
talk t> tLo wbo oisne to draw <ar.tl#r u h» h*v« uTkfd to hi*
tn^b-r and ti»Ur* Sfcmfc&tJI ait ou tba ric« \*vch. bat who t«* wcnim
eaa;*. be dr»etw»i thru to th* Mai aud U«aud Uitta redelf. So tbe Ryou of
tot jli:« v.«ut out c t lit# MiLratu country, aitd Jwalllo tLo United ’L-*
FVjrtugvM RUfet’e Hietory, «LUd by Dnr*,«i, yoL y«.
n Utorab; iimu£h 4. Tba Ut*r JUbnitta Jtriotfc* of poieooin^
U*k» iA bmuUxi*S iu tUo Uadra* tteocdi. It vm a«v»r cLarf-d iffaiott
8iv*j».
HIA> TIL
PnHV^i
MaknALu rtft
r»s%Ut.w
HISTORY OF INDIA.
on .\r Til
Jl cu.
A'l rtffpiV')
I *U(*.
334
All this whilo the Mahrattaa were plotting against
their Maharaja; they were Lent on revenging the
shame be Inul btuugbl ou many of their houses. The
conspirators invited Akbar to become tueir Maharaja.
Akbor rashly assented ; then lie was afraid of being
ru trapped, and revealed the whole plot to Sambbaji.
From that day there was a firm friendship between
Sambbaji and Akbar. Meanwhile every conspirator
against the life of Sambbaji was taken by surprise and
put out of the wav.
Aurangzeb learned all tlieac jdots and counterplots
from hiB spies. He luid another plot of bis own.
The old tutor of Akbar was disguised as a fakir, and
scut to the Moghul prince with offers of pardon.
Akbar was to revive tbe conspiracy against Sambbaji ;
to bribe the Mahratta generals to-admic a Moghul
force into their capital. Akbar listened with foiguod
acquiescence, but told everything to Sambbaji. Both
agreed to deceive Aurangzeb. Akbar accepted his
father's forgiveness; fixed the day for the Moghul
advance ; and obtained a large sum for bribing the
Mahratta generals. When the day come, the Moghuls
were surrounded by tho Mabrntits uud slaughtered
like cattle. Akbar employed tbe money to secure an
escape to Persia.
The rage of the baffled Emperor may be imagined.
The Mali ratios and his rebel son were alike beyond
his reach. At this crisis ho planned another scheme.
Ho resolved to make uu alliance with the Portuguese
Viceroy of Goa. He sent ou envoy to Goa to persuade
the Viceroy to attack the Mahrattaa by sea, blockade
the Mahratta ports, and prevent the escape of Akbar.
In this scheme there was no idea of a community of
interests. Aurangzeb only wanted the Portuguese to
MOGHUL empire: ACIUN’GZEB.
385
do Lis bidding, aud thcu proposed to capture Goa by ciur th
treachery and surprise.
Goa Lad long been on the decline." She still
maintained a show of magnificence, hue her prosperity
aud power were passing away to the Dutch. The
Portuguese Viceroy was flattered beyond measure at
receiving an envoy from the Moghul Emperor; his
head was completely turned. Manouchi was in Goa
at the time, aud helped to translate the Moghul's
letter. He warned the Viceroy that there was no
trusting Aurangzcb : that the Muhiatta Was a better
neighbour than the Moghul ; that the Koukau was
the rampart of Goa against the Moghul ; that when
the Muhratta was destroyed, the Moghul would become
the deadly enemy of the Portuguese. But the Viceroy
shut his ears to all that was said. He was so
du&zlcd by the flatteries aud promises of Aurangzcb,
that ho formed an alliance with the Moghul against
the Mahratta."
Akbar was iu the utmost alarm. He sent a rich
present of rubies and other precious stones to the
Portuguese Viceroy ; and was allowed to send men
and materials to Goa for building a ship to carry
him to Persia. The scheme was a plot for the cap-
ture of Goa by the Mali rat tns. Goa was very poorly
garrisoned. Mahratta soldiers were landed at Goa
disguised as carpenters and artisans. Every day
there wore fresh boatloads of workmen arriving at
Goa. Sambbajf was preparing to follow with an
army. Manouchi discovered the plot in time. The
Viceroy wob put upon his guard. 'Hie ship was
7* A Uaeriplloa of in ULUr tUji uil U faaud In a jtfarivui
v lutce. 8 -. tol 11L. chip,
r< MaUuUlL] tkrvu£k Cali vu.
HISTORY OF INDIA.
finished and sent to the port of Vingorla in Mnhratta
territory. The Portuguese of Goa then declared war
against, the ALilirattns.
The war was most disastrous to the Portuguese.
They were beguiled iuto attacking ouo of the Mah-
ratta fortre*-es near the shore. They were surprised
by Sunibbaji, and nearly nil cut to pieces. The Vice-
roy was severely wounded, but escaped w til his life,
accompanied by a remnant of his army. At that
moment a Mohrotta fleet threatened Gon. Every
nun in Goa flew to aims. The women crowded to the
tomb of St. Francis Xavier. Monks and missionaries
appeared with swords and muskets. A battalion of
Christum fathers opened a fire u|-on the Mnhratta
fleet and drove away the eueruy. In this manner
Goa was saved.
Meanwhile Aurangzeb had gTown sick of the ALali-
rattas. Ho left his eldest "sOfii Shall Alain, to carry
on the war against the Ivoukan, and went away to
make war on Bijipur. It soon transpired that Sluli
A bun had boon ordered to capture Gon. A Moghul
squadron tried to force an entrance to the Goa
river, but was repulsed by the firo of the Portuguese
fortress. Shah Alam complained of the breach of
treaty. Munouchi was sent to explain matters.
Mononchi had formerly been physician to Shah Alam,
Tie discovered that Auraugzob meant treachery, but
that Sliab Alam was reluctant to attack the Por-
tuguese. At last the Moghul squadron disappeared.
Munouchi was rewarded for Ida services to the Por-
tuguese by being made a Knight of the Older of
St. James.
Shah Alam was at this time playing a double game.
Tie made a show of carrying out the orders of Anrang-
MOGHUL EMPIRE : AIRANGZIP.
8S7
zeb ; but iu reality lie ran counter to those orders, cb.i vil
A urangzeb wanted him to surprise Goa and crush the
Mahrattos. Shah Alain, on rbo other hand, was
resolved to be friends with the Portuguese and Aluh-
rattos, ns they might help him iu the event of Au-
rangzob’s death and a frntrieidnl war. Shah Alum
was only auxioiu to arrest Alcbor. He laid siege to
Vingorln, but Akbar got away to I’er-ia ; and theu
Shall Alam came to a secret understanding with Sam-
hhaji. Shall Alam was allowed to return through the
Konkan without being attacked by the Malirattas.
The remaining yeara of the reign of Aurangzeb at -a ■«
were passed in sham wars and wearisome intrigues.
It would lie waste of time to tell the tedious details.
A general review will suffice for the puiposes of
history.
Shah Alam was sent to make war on (iolkouda ;«*•<, k
but his father, Aurangzeb, was already suspicious of
his good faith, and was still more alarmed by liis
conduct of the war iu Golkondu. Shall Alam made
a show of war to satisfy bis father, and a show of
friendship to win the support of the Sultan. At last
he made peace with the Sultan ; loft him iu possession
of his kingdom, and promisod that the Moghul*
should never molest him again. Aurangzeb was dis-
gusted at the peaeo; be wanted the diamond mines
of Golkouda ; but ho concealed bis wrath for a while,
and feigned to acquiesce in the treaty.
Shah Alam tried the same garno in Bljapur. He »a«f=
supplied the Sultan with money and provisions whilst
besieging him iu his fortress of Bijdpur. lie pro-
l«oscd making a similar treaty, but Aurangzeb refused
to sanction the terms. The Sultau of Bfjapur was
dethroned. He was promised his life, but soon disap-
38S
HISTORY OK INDIA.
oi.p vit ponred from the scene. It was said ho had been
poisoned by Auraugzeb.
The intrigues of the sons of Aurangzeb derive some
interest from the different religions of their mothers.
Shah Alain, as already seen, had a Itajpht mother,
mid courted the support of Hindus. Azam Shah had
n Muhammadan mother, and courted the support of
Mussulmnu3. Kiim Blkhsb, the youngest, hod a
Christian mother, the beloved Udipurf ; '* he built
bus hopes on tl:o influence of Ills mother with
Auraugzeb.
■if ; mui« Each of the three sons was pulling his hither a dif-
lo ** «*• fereut way. Sliah Alam wauled Aurangzeb to return
to Delhi and disband his Muhammadan army. Azam
Shah wanted AuruDgzeb to remain in ramp, for he
could rely on the support of the Muhammadan army.
Udipun tried to persuade Auraugzeb to conquer Gol-
konda, in order to make her son, Kitm Bukhsli, Sultan
of Bijiipur and Goikouda.
rw-h aw» Auraugzeb yielded to tho prayers of his favourite
Sultana ; but when lie announced that he was going to
make war ou Goikouda, Shah Alam exclaimed against
it as a breach of treaty. Aurangzeb accused Shah
Alam of disloyalty, but suddenly feigned to be re-
conciled. He gave out that he woe going to Delhi to
spend his old age in peace. He sent to Delhi all the
generals and troops that were well affected towards
Shah Alam. He then arrested Shah Alain and made
him a close prisoner.
Aurangzeb took Goikouda by deception alter his old
treacherous fashion. He gave out that he was going on
™ Tin oiof cl Kim BtUlHi >ru kacirn to oar totefallion u Ca«n Bin.
H an kwirn to UiO Greek, u Cimljocfc
MOGHUL empire: AURASGZEB. n$9
pflgriinnge to the shrine#! at Kulbarga, and then suJ- _cn*r. m
daily fell upt.n Golkonda. The Sultan was taken by
surprise, but managed to find refuge in the fortress of
Golkonda; his generals, however, had been already
corrupted, and agreed to admit the Moghuls ac mid-
night. There was a show of mining a bastion and
blowing down two curtains, but the .Moghul army did
not even motuit the walls. At midnight a Moghul
forco was admitted into the citadel. The doors of
the seraglio were forced open amidst the scream ing
of womeu and blazing of torches. Tho Sultan wn.~
dragged from his hiding-place and carried oil’ a
prisoner. He was beaten and tortured to make him
give up his secret, hoards. Nothing further is known
of him. It wns said that ho had Leeu dethroned by
treachery and silenced for ever by poison.
The remainder of the reign of Aurangzeb was “pent ri.i«>r.iu
in partial conquest* in Southern India, and in vain
efforts to capture Mahratta fortresses in the Western
Dekhan. The conquests in Southern India are only
interesting from their association with the English
settlement at Madras. Zulfikar Khan, the first
Nawab of the Moghul conquests in the south, con-
firmed the English in all their rights aud privileges
at Madras. His successor, IMud Kltan, besieged Fort
St. George for several weeks, nod was then bribed
to retire. 5 *
The last wars of Auraugzeb against the Mahrattasof t .
the Koukan might prove equally iuterestiog by their
association with the English at liombay. But nothing
is known of the curly Bombay records; and little is
kuowu of the wure against the MuLrattas beyond the
Eiilj feoxU. oi Bnuab IniUt Vain : Tru^o-r * C>. W.
HISTORY OF INDIA.
390
chip mi. fact that they were a tissue of intrigues and sbaina"
Aurnngzeb captured Sainlbaji by corrupt ing one of his
ministers. He put the ILihrutla to a barbarous death,
and cause-1 bis remains to be eaten by bunting-dogs.
He carried off a little son of Suiubhnji, w ho was after-
wards known as Sahu or Shoo. But still tho ilalimttns
continued to harass him. Saiubhaji wus succeeded on
the Mahratta throne by a younger brother, named
Ram Raja. Meanwhile. Aurangzcb often suffered
disaster, which he was careful to conceal. It was
said thut he bribed Ram Raja to suffer him to capture
unimportant fortresses, ill order to impress the people
of India with his victories. It will suffice to say that,
the lust years of Aurnngzeb were wasted in desultory
mid useless wars.
Aurnngzeb grew jealous of his second son, Azam
Shah. 18 Accordingly lie liberated his eldest son, Shah
Alain, as a counterpoise. He sent his three sous to
remote provinces, to prevent them from making war
on each other whilst he was alive. He divided the
empire between thorn, to prevent them from making
war after his death. But his hopes were vain. Ho
died in 1707. Within a few weeks after his death
Hindustan was convulsed by « fratricidal war.
Aurangzeb was the last of the Moghuls who played
a real part in history. He was the last who had a
policy. He exhausted the resources of the empire
upon one design tho dethronement of the Hindi!
* The Roox* ol Sunt and Bombay -wo invecUgaloJ -im. jwl by
tho H.'. Philip AnderooB, *tul tin mult. u« ahc.ua in eo titled “The
in Wrote ru India." Hot Mr. Aadetmu rafcotd hit •Ucotion to tho
iclonial ati.ira of tin. KonUih ■cltiea.nh., and hi, volum. Utroor. nn light
upw Mahnlu hheinry.
’ Muxnioki caya tout 'an Nmb w„ invading 8«niltein India asd nlobJot-
log ttia pagoda* Ula la ptoUMet hut 'ago.
MOGHUL EMPIRE ! ACRANGZEB.
391
gods and extension of the religion of the Koran over ctup. v<i.
the whole of India. He was l-affled alike by Rajputs
and Mobrnttas. Tlie great Akbar, the founder of the
dynasty, bad bound the empire together by his tolera-
tion of the subject races. Aumngzcb bad shaken it
to it foundations by his intolerance and peneentiou.
When Aumngzcb diet), tbc disintegration of races bad
already beguu. Within fifty years of his death, tho
sovereignty of the Moghuls had dwindled to an empty
name.
CHAPTER virr.
MOGHUL EMPIRE: DECLINE AND KAI.L. 1707 TO 1761.
,™_ The death of Aurungteb awakened the empire from
ESS*-- its seeming lethargy. Shah Alain proclaimed himself
Emperor under the name of Bahadur Shah. His
forces concent ruled near Agra. Azam Shah advanced
up from tho Dekhan with another army. A bloody
battle ensued near Agra, and Azam Shall was num-
bered with the dead.'
tmomb Bahadur Shah was Km prior of all the temtorios
inherited by Auraugzeb. Fie was an old man, nud
would ha vo been contout to leave hU remaining
brother. Kdm Bnkhsh, to reign as Sultan of Bljdpnr
and Golkonda. But hU sons would not hear of it.
They instigated tho Mullahs to urge the impiety ol
leaving the new conquests in the hands of a Christian.
The mother of Kara BaWish implored the new Em-
peror to spare her son; but her tears and prayers
were thrown away. Bahadur Shall marched against
the south ; and the nows soon arrived that the son of
the Christian Sultnuu was defeated and slain.
*;£•*» Bahadur Shall was next anxious to punish the
Rajput princes. He did not want to interfere with the
Rona of Meywar. He only aspired to re-establish the
1 Tfc« \»*t mtberitir* the mn U tcM in this <b*pUr hr* tl* Matin*
U»t«nU and the oative hiafcirj kuo«rn u the ttfAr-ttl-Kutokfera.
MOGHUL EMPIRE : DECLINE AND FA 1.1- 303
Mogliul yoke on Jaipur nul Miuwar. But alarming <«■' v >"
news came from the Punjab. The Sikhs had broken
out in rebellion. Bahadur Shah “ forgave " the Knj-
piits, and hurried away to Lahore.
The Sikhs were not o nationality. Many were
Rnjptits, others were a race of cultivators known
as JUts. They were a religious sect, which had
been founded in the sixteenth century by Nanuk
(Jura.
The career of Nanuk was like that of many religious s.»
teachers in India. He was a Kslmtriya or Rujptit.
When voung, his goodness of disposition excited the
admiration of n Muhammadan fakir of the Stiff per-
suasion. Nanuk was henceforth educated in nil the
spiritual mysticism of the Siifi*. Ho forgot hi
Hindti training. Ho laid hold of many of the Stiff
doctrines, and turned them into Punjabi poetry. Such
is said to lmve been the origin of the Granth, or
sacred books of the Siklis.
Nanuk became known os a Guru or religious teacher
in the beginning of the sixteenth century, about the
time that Rdber was iuvadiug Hiudustan. For a
long while his followers differed in no way from the
bulk of Muhammadan fakirs. They formed com-
munities or brotherhoods ; each community had its
own superior, and all the memlwni of the community
treated one another as brothers, without regard to race,
trilw, or clan. When Nanuk Guru died, he was not
succeeded in his spiritual authority by bis son, but bv
a servant of bis household.
The Siklis began to create trouble in the time of r« n-w:-.
Aura; *zcb. The ninth Guru in succession to the
nervan f Nanuk was one Tugh Bahadur. He grew
ambition, took to plunder and r.ipine, and became a
391
II IS TOBY or INDIA.
ctiap. via terror to the country round. lie was arrested, sent
to Gwalior, and there executed.
OuiOtmt Hitherto tho Sikhs had generally followed a reli-
gious calling and carried no arms. The death of
Tugh Bahadur led to au entire change. Guru Go-
viud, tho sou and successor of the slaughtered Guru,
formed the Sikh communities into military bands
or brotherhoods under trusty leaders. Every com-
munity was known as a Misl ; and the collective
body was known as the Kh d l sa, or the army of the
Kkdlsa. Every Sikh was a soldier of the Khrilsa,
fighting for God and the Guru.
Stories of Sikh atrocities induced Bahadur Shah
to remove his capital from Delhi to Lahore. He scut
many force* against the Sikhs, hut the troubles con-
tinued until the end of hia reign.
■ihn . Bahadur Shah was a Shiah at heart. At Lahore
he avowed himself a Shiah. Ho wanted ro introduce
the Shiah doctrine into tho public prayer for the
wellbeing of the sovereign, known as the Kliutba. ' The
Sunni Khutba began with t he name of Muhammad and
the four Khnlifs, ending with AIL Bahadur Shah
wauted to add the word “ heir ” to the name of Ali,
to indicate that Ali was the true “ heir” or successor
to the Prophet. The innovation raised a storm
amongst the Sunnis. A Shiah render began to recite
the new Khutba in the chief mosque at Lahore ; but
he was torn to pieces by the Sunni congregation.
Their wrath at the notion that Ali was the first,
rightful Bucccsaor of M uhammnd overbore every other
consideration.
i.Lvt.- Bahadur Shah died in 1712. He left four sons.
It would he tedious to describe their battles for tho
succession. Three were killed, mainly by the instru-
MOGHCL EMPIRE ! DECLISE ASD TALL. 395
mentality of Nnwab Zulfikar Khan, who began to mi
j-lay 011 important part at the Moghul court- A
worthless sot was tliuu placed upon the throne under
the name of Jehaudar Shah. Zulfikar Khun become
Vizier, and exercised all the real power of the sove-
reign.
Jehnndnr Shall wits the slave of a dancing-girl w«,<<u»
named Ldl Kan war. The brother and kinsfolk of this
favourite were all musicians and dancers of the same
stamp. The new Emperor showered titles nud hon-
ours on the whole of them. He gave a patent to the
brother, appointing him governor of Agra. Zulfikar
Khan refused to affix the seals. He said he wanted a
thousand guitars n 3 his fee ; he excused himself by
saying that all the grandees thut wanted promotion
for the future would have to play on guitars. The
new Emperor was silenced by the implied rebuke,
and deemed it advisable to overlook the sarcasm.
The dancing-girl had a friend named Zahra, wLosmuw.
used to sell vegetables in the boyar. The connection
continued after the promotion of the dancing-girl to
he the favourite of the Emperor. Scandal tells stories
of the three getting druuk together and being fonnil
iu woful plight ; but die bare mention of the fact
sufficiently indicates the state of affairs. One story
is worth preserving. Grandees, courtiers, and all who
wanted favour, sent presents and bribes to the favour-
ite through Zaira. Consequently Zahra visited the
palace with all the parade of a princess. Her people
were overbearing and insulting, after the manner of
upstarts. At last there was a catastrophe.
Chfn Kulich Khan bad been one of the grandees of i™u* *
Aurangzeb. He had filled high offices, and, under the
name of Nizam-ul-Mulk, was destined to become the
HISTORY OF INDIA.
306
cmr. vnr. founder of the dynasty of the Nizams of Hyderabad.
~ One day Zahm rebuked this grande© with insolent
language from the howdali of her elephant. He made
a sign to his followers. In one moment the woman
was dragged from her elephant and soundly chastised.
Chin Knlich Khan knew his danger. Ho was not
l-*?*".!" on good terms with the Vizier, but, hastened to pay
him a visit. The Vizier at once dispatched a note
to the Emperor declaring that lie throw in his lor
with Chin Kulieh Khan. The note wn9 just in time.
Zalira was already in the seraglio, laving ashes on her
head uud rolling in the dust. Ldl Khanwar was
rousing the Emperor to avenge the insult Jehandar
Shah read the note and did nothing.
r„.»„.wi The new Emperor was hold in contempt and de-
" n,,s ’ 1 testation by all good Muhammadans in Hindustan.
Suddenly a storm begun to gather in Bengal. A
grandson of Bahadur Shall was living in Bengal ; he
is best indicated by his later title of Furnikh Siynr.
Two Shiahs of great influence proclaimed Farnikli
Siynr as Emperor. These two men were widely known
as SayyidB or descendants of the Prophet, They were
joined by hosts of Shiahs. An army pushed on to-
wards Delhi with Farrukh Siynr and the two Sayvids
at its head.
Zulfiknx Khan was a tried general, but Jehandar
Shah was an arrant coward. The Emperor and liis
Vizier took the field with a large army. Jehandar
Shull was accompanied by his favourite dmiciDg-girl.
A battle began at Agra; uud then Jchaudar Shall fled
hack to Delhi with his low-born companion. Zidfikor
Khan was helpless without the presence of the Em-
peror. His troops deserted in large numbers to Fnr-
rukh Siyar. So many gramlcea went over to Farrukh
MOClil'L EJJPIKE: DEirLISE AND PALL. 307
Siyar, tlmt Zulfikar Kliuu followed their example. I’.ut
Zulfikar Khun Lad excited tlio bitter enmity of Fnr-
mkh Siyar. He was admitted into the presence uud
kindly received. As lie went out lie was surrounded
by the creatures of Furrukli Siyar, who exasperated
him l»y their taunts and then stabbed him to death.
Farrukh Siyar went on to Delhi. Johnudar Shah
was taken and executed. There was a horrible mas-
sacre of princes and grandees. After a while the
public miuJ begau to quiet down. Abdulla Khan,
the elder of the two Sayyids, was made Vizier. Doth
he and his brother, Husain Ali Khun, exercised para-
mount influence at the court of Delhi.
There was soon a coolness between Farrukh Siyar
and the two Sayyids. The Emperor began to chafe
under their control He listened to the insinuations
of Sunni grandees, especially to a man named Amir
Jumla. He showed neither capacity nor resolution.
He was willing to destroy the two Sayyids, but afraid
to take action.
At last it was resolved to send Husain Ali Khan on
an expedition against Murwur (Jodhpur). A jit Singh,
liaja of Maiwar, bad set the Moghul at defiance, pulled
down mosques, built up jcigodas, and driven out the
Muhammadan Kizfs and Mullahs whom Auraogzcb
had quartered on his territories. Husain Ali Khan
gladly accepted the command of the expedition. No
sooner had ho invaded Marwar than Raja Ajit Si'ugli
withdrew to the mountains, with all his family,
treasure, uud soldiery.
The Raja of Marwar must have been in some per-
plexity. lie dared not venture to cope with the
Moghul army in the plains. At the same time he
was receiving letters from Furrukh Siyar exhorting
altar TUI
Famuli N.-. »r,
nis-a*.
VT 4 r /raui
i mm «:ur
J.»iu|ur.
393
HISTORY Of INDIA.
chap nit. him to stand ou his defence and crush tlie invader.
He deemed it politic to come to terms with the in-
vader. He promised obedience for the future, en-
gaged to send his sou to tender his submission to
the Moghul general, and offered to scud a daughter
to the imperial seraglio.
Husain Ali Khan was burning for military glory.
Ho would have refused to make terms with the Marwnr
Raja, but he was receiving letters of evil omen from
hia brother at Delhi. Abdulla Khan reported that
mischief was brewing at court, and implored his
brother to return to Delhi. Accordingly Husniu Ali
Khan made peace with ilarwar.
H |18n ' n Ali Khan returned to Delhi with the
daughter of tho Raja. On the way lie treated the
future bride of the Emperor as his own adopted
daughter. He found that, she had certain papers in-
trusted to her by hor father. Of course ho was soon
master of thoir contents. Tie discovered that Furrukh
Siyur had urgod the Raja to destroy him.
**>'„£*& Husaiu Ali Khan wanted to be Viceroy of tbe
Deklum ; not that he meant to go there, but only that
he might appoiut a deputy and profit by the revenue.
This did uot suit l'urrukh Siyar; there was nothing
he wanted so much as to sond Husain Ali Khan to a
distance from his brother the Vizier. Under such
circumstances the breath grew wider between the
Emperor and the two SuyyiJs. The two brothers
bi-gan to fortify their palaces and eulist troops. At
Inst a reconciliation was cBccted by the mother of
the Emperor. Amfr Jumla, the prime enemy of the
Savyid*, was sent to Patna to bo Viceroy of Bihar;
whilst Husain Ali Khan was sent to Aumngabud to
lx- Viceroy of the Dcklinn.
MOGHUL EMPIRE: DECUXK AXD FALL 399
About tli is time I'arrukh Siyor celebrated iiis mar- ciur. vni
riage with the Marwur princes*. The religious dilli-
culty iu such marriages had been easily overcome by
the tolerant Aklxir, and was no obstacle to the pre-
sent union. When the Rajptit bride entered the
seraglio, she repeated the formula of the Muham-
madan faith, nud received a Muhammadan name.
Nothing further was required.
Amir Jumla went off to Bihar, and Husain Ali
Khan wont off to the Dekbau ; hut still there was
treachery. D.iiid Khan, the Afghan, Wft« govenior
of Guzerat. He received from Delhi public instrui'-
tions to oliov tin* orders of Husain Ali Khan, and
private instructions to destroy him ; nud if be suc-
ceeded in defeating and slaughtering Husain Ali
Klun, he was 10 be appointed to the vacant post of
Viceroy of the Dekban a’ iris reward.
Husain Ali Khan had no fears on Iris own account,
He wus only anxious for the welfare of lm brother
Abdulla. Before ho left the court, lie solemnly
warned the Emperor that if anything happened t.<
his brother the Vizier, he would be at Delhi within
twenty days.
DiWd Khan was lying iu wait for the new Viceroy p k ‘a^-^*y'
of the Dekhan. He had a strong force of Afghans;
he had also a body of Mahratta horse. He had made
some concessions to the Mali rat tas as regards chout ;
he had also scattered Moghul titles uud commands
among Mahratta generals.
Husain Ali Khan soon fouud that Didd Khan was
not a sulwrdinate commander, but a hostile and dan-
gerous rival. Tire liattle was one of life and deutb.
tor, whatever might be the result, tic Dekliau was to
lie the reward of the conqueror. Dfitid Khan's Mali-
400
HISTORY OF INDIA.
ciiai> viii. vattas did uoliiiiig ; they galloped about the plain at
the beginning of the fight, and thou looked on like
unconcerned spectators. Ddtld Khan made great play
with his Afghans. He pressed on towards his rival,
but was shot dead by a bullet iu the moment of
victory. Husain AJi Khan was consequently the con-
queror. The Mahmtta commanders changed sides
after Mahratta fashion. They maile their submission
to the conqueror; whilst their followers plundered
D&ud Khan’s camp, and theu rode off with the spoil.
News of the victory of Husain Ali Khan eoon
readied Delhi. The Emperor could not hide las
mortification. He complained iu the presence of the
Vizier that D&(i<l Khan Inal been shamefully put to
(loath. Abdulla Khuu resented the affront “ Had my
brother,” ho said, “been murdered by this Afghan
savage, his death would have beeu more welcome to
your Majesty.”
••• • Hosaiu Ali Khan went on to Aurangabad to settle the
affairs of his new viceroyalty. Meanwhile there were
fierce disputes at Delhi between Sunnis and Shiahs.
The question of whether the four Khalils were the
rightful successors of the Prophet, or whether Ali
was the direct successor, was not only a war of words,
but of swords. Shiah singers were accustomed at
Delhi to chant the praises of Muhammad, aud of Ali as
the first of the twelve Imams, without any reference
to llie three KhaJifs — Abuhokr, Omar, and Othninu.
A Sunni saint from the provinces was aghast at this
enormity. He admitted that Ali was a good man
aud the fourth Khalif, but denied that he was the heir
to the Prophet; he was only the husband of Fatima,
the daughter of the Prophet. On this point the Sunni
siint preached some vigorous sermons in the chief
MOQHUL EMPIRE : DECLINE AND FALL.
401
mosque. “ Ali," lie said, “ was only the son-in-law of ciu». tiu
the Prophet ; he was not under the clonk, ho was
not the offspring of Muhammad. To praise Ali and hi*
family, whilst omitting the names of the three Klialifs
who went before him, was contrary to the fundamental
principles of Islam.”
The Shiahs were equally hoc on the other side. The s.r.>
three Khalifa were usurpers ; Ali, and Ali alone, was
the rightful successor of the Prophet. Another Friday
came round; the Sunuf zealot once agnin mounted the
pulpit to launch his thunders against this soul-destroy-
ing heresy. A number of young Persian Shiahs placed
themselves in front, displaying rosaries and amulets
of the sacred clay of Iverhela, in which the remains of
Ali had been buried. The sight was too much for the
thousands of Suuuis that formed the bulk of the con-
gregation. They rushed upon the heretics, drove them
out of the mosque, and murdered not a few iu the
righteous determination of teaching the world " ho was,
and who was not, the rightful successor of the glorious
Prophet, the beloved of Allah.
lu the midst of these troubles there was stirring
news from the Punjab. Two sons of Guru Govind
had fceeu takeu prisoners and put to death. The
Guru was hunted down like a wild beast. IIo took
refuge in a remote stronghold far away from his
family. lie was delivered from his forced captivity
by some Afghans. They waited until his beard was
grown, and then clothed him in the blue garb of nu
Afghan highlander, and palmed him off as au Afghan
saint. From that day the length of heard and the
blue garb became the distinctive marks of the Sikhs.
But Guru Govind was broken-hearted at the loss of his
sous, and perished in a melancholy mania.
•102
HISTORY OF INDIA.
cmr. <in. Banda, a new cliief, became the Guru of the Sikhs.
This mail is charged by Muhammadan writers with
e«d.ou™. every atrocity of which human nature is capable. Tbo
Moghul commandant of Sirhind was stabbed to death
by a Sikh fanatic whilst saying his prayers. The Mog-
hul Viceroy of the Punjab tied in terror to Lahore. At
lose the Moghul Viceroy of Kashmir cnnio down and
routed the Sikhs. Bandu Guru was limited from pest
to post like a savage of the jungle. He flung himself
into the last stronghold of the Sikhs at Gurdaspur,
about ten days' journey from Delhi. He was so closely
invested that not a grain of corn could find its way
within the walls. The beleaguered Sikhs devoured
asses and food of the vilest description; they were even
driven to eat tho sacred flesh of cows. The famine
brought on pestilence. At last the pangs of hunger
droro thorn to surrender. Many were tied hand and
foot and massacred. The remainder were lxmnd on
ennicla aud carried off to Delhi, preceded by a ghastly
display of bleeding heads on pikes. At Delhi the
prisoners were liehcnded at the rate of a hundred
a day. Not u man stirred, except to bog that he
might be executed before his fellows. Bandu j*er-
ished in every agony of mind and body that Asiatic
malice could suggest ; and the horrible details may
well lie dropped iu oblivion.
About this time Amir Jumla suddenly arrived at
Delhi from Patna. He bod squandered all the public
money; bis army was in mutiny for want of pay; bis
life was threatened by the people of Bihnr; and he
had fled disguised ns a woman iu a veiled palanquin.
The Emperor, however, would have nothing to say to
him. Delhi was soon crowded by disbanded soldiers
from Bihar, who clamoured for pay. At last Anile
MOGHl'L EMPIltE: DECLINE AND FALL. 403
Juiiila was lauUhed to Mrtluui, aud something like chap._vhi.
quiet was restored to the capital.
The state of Delhi at this period ia brought home
to Englishmen by the fact that there was nu Eugliah
Illiasion at Delhi, which stayed there duriug two
years. Iu 1715, two English merchants nud nu
Armenian hod gone from Calcutta to Delhi, accom-
panied by au Euglish doctor named Hamilton, to lay
the wrongs of the little factories at Madras. Bombay,
nud Calcutta before the Emperor. They reported the
coarse of events to their masters at Calcutta, os well
ns the progress of their mission. They specially
dilated upon the breach between the Emperor and the
Sayyids; the departure of Husain Ali Khan for the
Dekhan ; the sickness of the Emperor, which delayed
his marriage with the XLirwar princess ; the death of
D&tld Khan; the arrival ofBamlu the Sikh with two
thousand heads set upon poles ; the escapade of Amir
Jumla, nud disturbed state of the capital. The Eng-
lish doctor who accompanied the mission succeeded
iu curing the Emperor of his distemper. The mission
got all they wnuted after a protracted delay, hut the
doctor had the greatest possible difficulty in inducing
the Moghul to permit him to return to Calcutta/
Meanwhile the finances of the empire were in utter mu
confusion. The Vizier, Abdulla Khan, had left the
duties of his office in the hands of a Hindi! deputy
named Batan Cliand. There were monstrous abuses
iu the accounts. Jagbfrs had lieen grunted to worth-
less persons, Hindi! defaulters were screened from
justice by Ratnn Cbnnd. There was a talk amongst
> Ti. «em.poodt*M "f «Li» rsU.k.0 ir.» ptblnU-l bj «t>e aullcw Iu Li.
" cl M.Jru In iLc Olden Tin*," «ol. U. !l will W fcsi.d in Ui»
“ Eulj ol H-Hi.li 1^1.," »lr»>d»
HISTORY OF INDIA.
404
cii«p - tut. the Muhammedans of resuming the Jaghua granted
to Hindus, and collecting Jezya from all Who refused
to liecome Muhammedans; and these threatening
rumours only increased the general alarm.
mu,. . ii» Meanwhile the provinces were drifting into anarchy.
The Mahrattas were ravaging towns ami villages to
enforce their claims to chout. The Moghul Viceroys
sometimes defeated the Mahrnttas, hut, in (lie long-
run, were helpless to resist their demands. The Vizier,
Abdulla Khan, found that the Emperor uud Sunni
grandees were hens upon his ruin.
n-m.h. The crash came at last. Husain Ali Khan marched
from the Dukhan to Delhi at the head of au army,
including a fovea of Mnhratta mercenaries. The
people of Delhi were terrified at the appearance of the
Mahrattns ; thoy spread abroad tho wildest rumours
of pillago and massacre. * Meanwhile the streets and
bazars were occupied by the soldiery, and the palace
was surrounded by tho forces of tho two Sayyids.
The last act of the drama was like a horriblo dream.
The wretched Emperor was praying the two Sayyids
for forgiveness. They' showed him the letter which
he bad written to Ddtid Khan ordering the destruc-
tion of Husain Ali Khan. At midnight there was
uproar and screaming in the palace. Throughout the
city there was n cry that tho Mahrattas were plunder-
ing and slaughtering the inhabitants. The Mahraltus
were assailed by the mob, and huudreds were slain.
Some of the Mahrattn saddles were broken opeu, uud
found full of gold; and the sight rendered the be-
holders more frantic ihan ever.
Firntlk B.y»r Suddenly there was a lull in the strife. The kettle-
drums wore thundering at the palace gates ; the firing
of salutes was booming through the morning air.
MOGHUL KMHIKIt: UfcCUSH KNO FALL
405
FuTukli Si jar had ceased to reign ; lie was deprived cu.i- vm
of sight, and lay trembling in a dungeon, from which
there was to be iso deliverance save by the dagger or
bowstring. A captive prince was taken out of the
fctate prison of Selimgbur, which adjoined the palace,
and placed upon the throne of the Moghuls, lie was
a type of the sinking condition of the Moghul empire;
—a state prisoner, unwashed, confused, and disordered,
suddenly thrust upon tho throne, and udorned with
a chaplet of pearls.
The Sayyids wore once again masters. The new r> r( ^
Emperor was a puppet, and died within three months. , ' ’ r "
Another puppet was set up.nud died within five months
more. A third captive prince, with a better constitu-
tion, was taken out of the stare prison and placed
upon the throne. lie lived to reign for twentv-eight
years; to hear the brunt of the blow which heralded
the downfall of the empire. His name was Mulium-
mad Shah.
The reign of Muhammad Shah began with plot and >!<.!•»•'
assassination. The grandees were weary of the Suy-
vids ; the new Emperor was intriguing to get rid of
the Sayyids. Husain Ali Khan was marebingau nrmv
towards the Dekhan, when ho was suddenly stubbed
to denth hv a Calinuk. The army declared for Mu-
hammad Shah. The Vizier Abdulla was defeated and
duin. The new Emperor took his seat uj>on the throne
without a mentor or a rival.
The reign of Muhammad Shah presents a troubled rn-^rii •.*.
picture of grandees intriguing for place and rauk, and
of endless wars against Mahratta bandits. There was
no patriotism, no gallant exploit, no public virtue ;
nothing hut rapacity, corruption, and sensuality, such
as might be expected from men of the stamp of
40G
HISTOiiY OF IKDIA.
cn»r. tin. Turkish Pashas, unfettered by public opinion or con-
ventional morality. Two grandees may bo named as
types of the class. SaiUut Khan was a Persian adven-
turer, who hod risen to the rank of Nawab of Oude.
Chin Kulich Khan, better known as Nizam-ul-Mulk,
was of Turkish or Tartar origin ; he had seized the
viceroyalty of the Dekhon, and was rapidly becoming
an independent sovereign. These two men were
princes in their respective provinces; at. Delhi they
were rival courtiers. Saidut Khan was a Shiah ;
Nizam-ul-Mnlk was a Sunni.
nont* The Mahrattas wore the pest of India; they plun-
dered the country, regardless of the Moghul or his
Viceroys, until they had established claims to black-
mail. At intervals they were checked by generals
like Saildut Khan or the Nizam ; but otherwise their
Hying hordf-3 infested the country like locusts. If
driven out of a district one year, they came again the
next with claims for arrears.
7... ivdu. The nominal sovereign of the Mahrattas was Maha-
raja Sahu or Shao. He was the son of Sambhnji, who
had bceu brought up in the seraglio of Aurangzeb ; and
hia training unfitted him for the leadership of tho
Mahrattas. Tho real sovereign was the minister, u
Mahratta Brahman known as the Peishwa. The
minister was the founder of a hereditary lino of
Peishwts, who ultimately became the recognised
sovereigns of tho Mahratta empire, whilst the descen-
dants of Sahu were kept as state prisoners nt Satara.
There were also Mahratta leaders, subordinate to the
Peishwas, who were of lower caste than Brahmans,
but founded principalities under the names of Simlia,
llo'.kar, the Bhonsla, and the Gaekwar. Their wars
were those of brigands ; they had nothing that can be
MOGHUL EMFlltE : DECLINE AND FALL.
called history until they came in conflict with the
English. The Mahmtta empire was thus a loose con-
federation of bandit generals, with a Brahman at the
head. Sometimes they threatened to plunder Delhi,
but ill general they were kept quiet by titles, honours,
and yearly tribute.
In 1738 there was alarming danger on the north-
west frontier. There had been a revolution in Persia.
The SlifI dynasty of Persian Shahs had been over-
turned by au Afghan invasion. A robber chief dime
to the front under the name of Nadir Shall. He was
a conqueror of the same stamp as Chengliiz Khan or
Tinuir ; and he soon became master of all Persia from
the Tigris to the Indus, from the frontier of the Turk
to that uf the Moghul.
Nadir Shah, like new potentates in general, was
anxious to be recognised by contemporary sovereigns.
With this view ho sent ambassadors to Delhi. The
Moghnl court, in mingled iguorauec and pride, treated
the ambassadors with eonterapr. Nadir Shah, tho
conqueror of Persia and Afghanistan, was Very angry.
He marched from Kilbul to Delhi without check or
hindrance. There were no garrisons in the passes, no
hill tribes to block out the Persian army. For years
the subsidies granted for tho purpose Lad all been
appropriated by the Moghul Vizier at Delhi.
Both Saddut Khan and tho Nizam wc-ro at Delhi, com «»im
T heir rivalry against each other overcame nil other
considerations, fmddul Khan went out with a large
army to attack Nadir Shah ; the Nizam out of jealousy
refused to join him, and the result was that Saiidut
Kbau was defeated and taken prisoner.
Tho Nizam wa3 next sent to bribe Nadir Slmh to im k «« .
return to Persia with a sum of about two millions
HISTORY OK I Mil A.
40 '*
cmr vi!) B,er l' n fi- Nadir Shah was ready to take the money.
; — Saddut Khan, however, Lad a grievance against both
Muhammad Shah and the Nizam ; he had coveted the
post and title of “ Amir of Amirs," and these honours
had been conferred on the Nizam. Out of sheer
malice Sa&iut Khan told Nadir Shah that Clio money
ofl'ered was but a flea-bite to the riches of Delhi.
Nudir Shah was thus persuaded to plunder Delhi.
He summoned Muhammad Shah, thcMoghuI sovereign,
to his camp. He then marched into the city of Delhi,
accompanied by Muhammad Shah, and took up his
quarters in the palace-
Nadir Shah posted guards in different quarters of
the city. The people of Delhi looked with disgust,
on the strangers. Nest day it was reported that Nadir
Shah was dead. The people fired upon the Persians
from the roofs and windows of their houses, aud car-
ried on the work of slaughter far’ into the night.
Next morning at daybreak Nadir Shah rode into the
city, and saw his soldiers lying dead in the streets.
Stones, arrows, and bullets were flying around him.
One of his own officers was shot dead by his side.
In his wrath ho ordered a general massacre. The
slaughter raged throughout the day. Nadir Shah
watched the butchery in gloomy silence from a little
mosque in the bazar, which is shown to this day.
•■-i***- At evening lime Nadir Shall stopped the massacre.
Ie is useless to guess at. the numbers of the slain.
Hindu aud Muhammadan corpses were thrown into
heaps with the timber of fallen houses, and burnt
together in one vast holocaust- The imperial palace
was sacked of all its treasures ; and so wore the man-
sions of the grandees. Contributions w ere forced from
all classes ; they were especially demanded from the
MOGHUL KMiMKK ; DECLINE ASD FALL. 409
governors of provinces. Nadir Shah married his boh cur. mu
to a Moghul princess. He placed Muhammad Shah
upon the throuo, and ordered all meu to obey him
under pain of punishment hereafter. He then marched
lack to Persia with gold and jewels to the value of
many millions sterling.
Delhi had suffered the fate of Nineveh and Baovlon, inm,
hut her inhabitants were not carried away captive.
Slowly they awoke out of their lethargy and returned
to their daily labour. Ouce more there was life iu
the streets aud bazars. But the Moghul empire was
doomed; it lingered on for a few years under the
shadow of a name until it was engulfed in anarchy.
After the departure of Nadir Shah, the Mahrattos
broke out worse than ever. They affected to lie faith-
ful servants of the Moghul; but no yearly tribute
was forthcoming to bribe them to keep the peace ;
and they began to ravage and collect cJioul in every
quarter of the empire. The Moghul Viceroys of the
provinces struggled against the Mahrattas with varied
success. They ceased to obey the Moghul ; they be-
came hereditary princes uuder the old names of Nawab
and Nizam. Whenever a Viceroy died, his sons or
kinsmen fought one another for the tliroDe; and when
the war was over, the conqueror sent presents and
bribes to Delhi to secure letters of investiture from
the Emperor. It was by taking opposite sides in
these wars in the Peninsula that English and French
were engaged iu hostilities in India. The English
eventually triumphed, and rapidly became a sovereigu
power.
Nadir Shall was assassinated in 1747. Had he left
religious matters alone, after the mnnner of Cheiighiz
Khan, he might have founded a permanent dynasty
410
HISTORY OF INDIA.
chip. Yin in Persia. But be thought to create an empire
which should uniformly follow the Sunni faith. With
this view he tried to turu the Persians into Suunfs ;
and in so doing he excited that blind zeal which
brought him to a violent end. After his death the new
Persian empire became broken into different king-
dom.’. Afghanistan fell to the lot of a warrior named
Ahmad Shah Abdali. Ho conquered the Punjab, and
converted the Moghul into a puppet and a vassal,
cinsuna. Muhammad Shah died in 1748 ; eo did the Nizam
of tko Dokbau ; so did Sahu, the -last Mabdraja of
the Mali ratios who wielded the semblance of power.
Henceforth there were puppet kings and sovereign
ministers at Poona and Delhi. In 1757, the year thut
Clive gained the victory at Flossy in Bengal, the suc-
cessor of Muhammud Shah was murdered by his mini-
ster; the Vizier fled away into oUcurity ; the sou of
the dead Moghul was a fugitive in Bengal, proclaiming
himself Rmperor under tho high-sounding title of
Shah Alam. Ahmad Shah Abdali advauced to Delhi
and began a struggle with the Mahratta powers. In
1761 he gained the battlo of Paniput, which crushed
the Mahrattas for a while, and established the Afghans
us the arbiters of the fate of Hindustan.
scprmMitNr : hindu annals.
x* nir.in <iv The foregoing history speaks of Moghul courts and
“"** sovereigns, hut tells little of the Hindu people. It
furnishes glimpses of Rajprit. Rajas, the vassals of
the Moghul empire ; hut it roveals nothing of thoir
inner life and forms of government. Above all, it is
silent as regards the Rajas of the south, who lived
SUPPLEMENT: HINDU ANNALS.
411
and reigned outside the Moghul empire, and were chap viu.
never brought under foreigu inllucnces until com-
paratively muderu times.
The so- culled histories of Hiudu dynasties, written
by Iiindu annalists, have little or uu historical value, mm !! 1 "
They are strings of panegyrics, as truthful and au-
thentic ns those found iu epitaphs, and with no better
claims on tho credibility of tie reader. They arc
mingled with details which have small interest for
Europeans, such as fabulous accounts of temples,
thrones, and polnces, or wildly mythical stories of
gods and Brahmans. They contain sprinklings of
authentic data, which serve as guides over the dreary
void ; but the plainest matters of fact are gkased
over with Oriental falsifications and exaggerations.
Specimens have been preserved iu the Appendix to
the present volume, from which a muss of mythical
matter has been necessarily excluded ; sufficient, how-
ever, remains to enable tho reader to form an idea of
the character of the whole.**
It will be seen from these legends that tho beginnings >**>» m •
of every Raj or dynasty, however modern, are more or >**.
lass wrapped up iu fable. The genealogists, who pro-
fessed to record the history, found it necessary to coin
u myth which should associate the reigning family
with one or other of tho heroes of tho Maid Bbdratd
• A Urge q|!I«!ioa of 'b*“ form* I !j Coland Colin
Mxkantf*. botwttn j-im 1796 no.l 1S16 M*ny w»n tnniUMd bto
EnglUli, ir.ltou c«ot in 9 cm twenty Ufa rulusio*, sod drjKwit^d in the
library el lU X^dic Society at Culcutu. A* fir hick m l 36 s- 6 |, t b« M)tb«T
prrc*rr»d mi of wiLiucripU, ood dlJed a tUek foiio of «reral
hundred p*£**. The whoU laa Uen dig'iUrf into tb* brief wnitire pilneat
•1 ApfCDdii ir. b> the prtMUl v«lua». Small m It 1*. h contain* Ntfl; ell
tint it TaluabU of mod# n» Hiudu history. After tho rut of the BTlUli
empire, air.bfflUo d-toilt wrr* pxonrabW fmnr EogHafc ryr-wilnw** ;
and tlxcia will bo brought fcorud in deoli** with ti« birtory of O* Kt\u 4 *
Empire to U4U.
112 HISTORY OP ISIH.V.
coap. tui or RAmAvana, ami ascribe the origin of llic domi-
uiou tn tho supernatural interposition of gods or
Brahmans.
« lUfr.iim Beneath tins overgrowth of nivtli and fable.it is
easy to perceive that one important fact pervades tho
whole, namely, tho conflict between the Bruhraaus
and the Jains; and this antagonism in various forms
ia still going on in the southern Peninsula. It ia a
conflict between theism and atheism, between gods
and no gods. The Brahmans promulgated a religion
which enforced the worship of the gods a3 the rulers
of the universe, or they taught the higher doctrine of
a Supreme Spirit, who ruled the universe and was the
universe, the Supreme Soul who created and animated
nil existing things The Jaina, on tho other hand,
taught that the gods had no real existence ; that even
if they did exist they bad no power or authority to
override tho inexorable destiny which governed the
universe. They promulgated the dogma that the
only divine existence which had any force or efficacy
was goodness ; that the only goal worth striving ufter
was perfect goodness ; that the only objects deserving
of reverence and worship were tlioso holy men who
had become the incarnations of goodness on earth ;
whose memories were to he embalmed iu the hearts
of all aspirants after perfect goodness ; and who were
to be worshipped as the only true manifestations
of a divine life on earth, throughout an eternity of
being.
The Jain denies that he is a Buddhist. The dis-
tinctiou, however, between Jain and Buddhist is of
little moment in dealing with religious developments.
The religion of the Jains is the outcome of the same
forms of thought as that of the Buddhists. It is a
SUPPLEMENT : HINDU ANNALS.
l!3
rebellion against* the worship of llic gods, whether our vm
considered separately, or resolved iu one Supremo
Being. This conflict finds expression in the Rdrni-
yaua; and it will be seen from the legends in the
Appendix that this same conflict is stamped upon
every myth and tradition that has Item preserved of
the religions history of Southern India from the
remotest antiquity.
To apprehend aright the nature of this antagonism, mur.t/v™,
it should ho borne in mind that originally one dogma £££££&!!?
was common to both religions. The belief in the
immortality of the soul through endless transmigra-
tions was a fundamental article of faith in the Oriental
world But whilst the Brahmans taught that a higher
Beale of existence hereafter was to be attained by
worship and austerities, the Buddhists and Jains
taught that it was only to be attained by goodness,
purity, and loving-kindness. Such religions ideas,
however, could not always bo in antagonism ; they
mnst often have mingled iu the some stream. There
were Brahmnus who taught that gooduess, purity, and
loving-kindness in thought, word, and deed were as
essential a9 the worship of the gods in fitting and pre-
paring tho soul for a higher life hereafter. Iu like
manner there have been Jaius who taught that so far
os tho gods were the manifestations or representatives
of goodness, they were entitled to the reverence and
worship of all good men.
The religious story of Rama reveals the nature of c.,„r., •>
this early conflict between gods and no gods. The
conception of Rivana, king of the Rikshastw or devils,
is that of a powerful sovereign, who originally wor-
shipped the gods, and thereby conquered an empire.
Subsequently, R&vaua rebelled against the gods.
414
HISTORY OK INDIA.
cnar. mi. oppressed them, mid treated them ns his slaves ; in
other words, ho prohibited the worship of the gods
and persecuted the worshippers. The suffering divi-
nities appealed to the Supreme Spirit for succour ;
first iu the form of Brahma, and ultimately to Vishnu
ns greater than Brahma. The result was that. Vishnu
liecnme incarnate ns Rdma for the destruction of
Rival i a.
At«|Vii«net- In the Hindu legends now presented in the Ap-
!n.W “'“pendis, there is a conflict between SalivdluUii and
Yikramaditya, which Is a reflex of the same religious
idea. The incarnations of Sankara Acharyn and
Basavn lawora were undertaken for a like object,
namely, the suppression of the Jains. The historical
relics of successive Hindu empires in the south reflect
a like antagonism. The legends of the Belfil empire
of Kaniata express both a conflict and a com-
promise between the two religions. The legend
of the Telinga empire reveals something of a Brali-
inaiiical revival. The traditions of the empire of
Yijayanagur are involved in some obscurity. The
empire itself was associated with the worship of Vishnu,
and the establishment of the Yaislinava religion iu
the room of Jains, and also of Liuga-wor3hippere ;
hut it was filially overthrown, not by any religious
revolution within tbc Hindu pale, but by a con-
federacy of Muhammadan Sultans.
ian.. » n«»i The full of the empire of Vijavanagar was brought
about by the battle of Tnlikota iu 15(J5, being tbe
ninlb year of the reign of Akbar, the most distin-
guished of the Moghul sovereigns and the real
founder of the Moghul dynasty. Vijavanagar was
the last of the old Hindu empires, which have dawned
upon the world at different periods from the fabled
SUPPLEMENT : HINDU ANNALS.
415
era of the Malid Blutrnta nud I&m£yaun. s Hence- ci m. nil ,
forth the Hindu provinces became independent king-
doms, nnd the Knifes, or ilcputiea of the oid Vijaya-
n agar sovereigns, became independent kings or Rajas.
The history is in like nmnucr broken up into dynastic
annals, corresponding to the number of petty Itajas,
and l>earing a general resemblance in matter and
style.
The annals of the Naiks of Madura are summar-
• . N.Ui/N.iu,
ised rn t.he Appendix,! partly because they arc more
full than those of auy other southern kingdom, and
partly because they are a fair specimen of the lliudu
idea of history in modern and Brnhmanieal times.
They exhibit something of tho interminable details
which were compiled by family Brahmans, nnd passed
off under the name of history. Every Raja of any
note is praised in turn, hut nothing whatever is said
of tho condition of the people undo* their rule. In-
deed, it will he seen that as histories they are beneath
criticism ; and thut they betray in nil directions that
indifference to truth, which is the main characteristic
of all Hindu annals that have hitherto been recovered. J
• fjoin* Ri-gbi b; indued to ic-panl th? inspire cl lb* MnliratLu i* U •
h*t of tiw vU liioilu tiucirt* ; \r * l S:% sjl uflj Uut it c.^^uc w lUn BftHUyft
or Aaoka. M* fr**Uiot*r *U fosmiUl a j.meipfchtv aai iMiiitai cu tbo
Wi of t.UckKaiil
i ApfMtxUs II, net v.
♦ Tlw eviiltacc of Roman Citlio'i: io Southern fedu at tbc
Utkrendof tbe ftcraatoetith century furaialco a reol palate of lb* oppru-
woo* t*f Hi*; a* xtA lit* txiolluua of Ibelr RriLman tuinUuri. Seen tilraeu
ar*qmU»i Vf Mr. Nflwn In hi* "MiihisJ on Al.vlora/* Sown rrafatic d**
•criptioni of tbt eous*.rie< iriil 6* found io 4 m» fvH&winj: drairo fiutu
tLo vv.tki o ' uortlkct io ibc aevcbtcciilb iod cl^U;ciuiu ccxitui.ea.
CHAPTER IX.
MOOHl-'L EMPIRE: CIVILISATION.— A.D. 1600 TO 1764.
cm?. ix fa the preceding chapter? the history of India has
' rten brought down to the second half of the eighteenth
yrr 1 ** century. Information has been gathered up respect-
ing the reigns of successive Moghul sovereigns ; at-
tempts have been made to delineate their respective
characten ; and the daily routine of Moghul courts
has boon described by the light of European eye-
witnesses. But the every-day life of the people at
large, whether Muhammadan or Hindu, is still a
blank to the imagination. The Moghul anil his sur-
roundings of ladies and grandees, of princes, gcncruls,
and soldiers, arc visible enough ; but there is no
background to the picture ; nothing that will open
out the country and people to modem eyes,
ittihmaf Much of what is wanting is supplied by educated
Europeans who travelled iu India during the seven-
teenth century and early half of the eighteenth. The
evidence of some of these travellers, including Sir
Thomas Roe, Mendelalo, and Bernier, has already been
brought forward to illustrate the state of tLe court
and administration under Moghul rule. 1 But there
have been other eye-witnesses in India who tell less
of current history, and more about the distinctive
* So* »nf«, v. «n<l (I,
MOGHUL EMPIRE : CIVILISATION.
417
manners au»l civilisation of the people. They belong cm* ix
to different nationalities, professions, nnd religions.
Terry was a Protestant clergyman of the Church of
England; Della Valle was a Catholic gentleman be-
longing to a noble family of Rome; Tavernier was a
French jeweller ; Thevenot was a French gentleman;
Fryer was nn English surgeon educated at Cambridge;
Alexander Hamilton was a ship's captain ; and Kar-
steus Niebuhr was a distinguished German. All
these men looked at India from different points of
view. Moreover, they were separated from each other
by intervals of time sufficiently near to enable them
to confirm the truth of each other's story, and suffi-
ciently remote to impart a historical signifiennee to
their respective narratives . 1 It may, therefore, Ik as
well to review the evidence of each one in turn. It
will then he found that their united testimony sup-
plies the background of the picture which bus hitherto
bceu wanting to Moghul history.
The Rev. Mr. Terry travelled in India between
1 G 1 5 and 1618 as chaplain to the embassy of Siri"*— 1 '•
Thomas Roe. 1 Like a healthy young English divine,
ho was charmed with the abundance and cheapness
of good provisions in Hindustan. Tim country, lie
says, produces wheat, rice, barley, uml various other
grains, all good and exceedingly cheap* The bread
is whiter than that made in England, but the com-
mon people have a coarser grain, which they make
up in broad cakes and bake on small round iron
* Ttrtj Mnl IMln V.iU trovrlU-i in India diiritg lh« r«ijn ui JahsngSr i
r.r-mi.r in iU r.i£n cf StuWrEu aid Aunugaab ; Tli.T«K,t u.i it/tt in
thf re.ra of Ann?g»>b ; Hamilton during tb» d«ii« of lb* Mogfcul «soj.lfC ;
i id Sitlrabr about tireoty-fiva yarn* a!t« <bo iUTMoin Naillr •b.-.b.
* Tarry'i \V7ngt to tho Enl Wi" lSino, Itli. Ktjiriatad, ft a, l".i.
418
HISTORY OF INDIA.
cnxr ix .
Tcv»# tut .»**<«
U<iur.«
•0?t«
Clt'.lllT Qfd4
hearths. The people churn butter, which is soft in
that hot climate, but otherwise sweet and good.
They have n great number of cows, sheep, goals, and
buffaloes. There is no lack of venison of various
kind*, such as red deer, fallow deer, elk, and antelope.
They are not kept in parks, for the whole empire is
as it were a forest for tho deer ; and 03 they are every
man’s gaino, they do not multiply enough to do much
harm to the corn. There is great store of Lores, wild
and tame fowl, and abundance of hens, geese, ducks,
pigeons, turtle-doves, partridges, peacocks, and quaify.
They have also numerous varieties of fab. By reason
of this plenty, and because many natives abstain from
eating anything that has life, flesh and fish are to be
bought ot very easy rates, as if they wore not worth
the valuing.
The meet important staples of the Moghul empire
were indigo, which was manufactured in vats; and cot-
ton wool, which was nrnde into caliooca. There was also
a good supply of silk, which was miulo into velvets,
satins, ami tafihtiee, bnt the best of them were not so
good as those made iu Italy. Thu English sold a few
of their woollen cloths in India, but they bought moat
of the Indian commodities in hard silver. Many silver
streams were thus running into India, whilst it was
regarded ns a crime to carry any quantity away.'
Terry dwells, however, at some length on tho an-
noyances of Indian beasts of prey, crocodiles, scorpions.
Hies, musquilocs, aud chinches.
Terry describes the people of India as very civil
unless they were affronted. When Sir Thomas Roe
• TV Megbili b*a »o inM'nMfre ob)«ctl«n to tU .jporuilon of «il'rr.
It »«• *ja%U 1 f«rttdi*B bj the Mughal wr-wigra of Hiudi»t«n .ml the
Wl'gl of S'JTOU.
UOCHCL EMPIRE: CIVILISATION.
410
first arrived at Surat, liis English cook got drunk at cum*, ix.
some Armenian wine-dealer's. Iu this pot-valiant
condition he met u grandee who was the brother of
the Nawab of Surnt. The grandee was on horseback,
and accompanied hv a number of retainers ; yet the
drunken cook called him n heathen dog, and struck at
him with a sword, and was arrested by the retainers
and pul into prison. Roe wrote to the Nawab of Surat
to say that ho would not patronise any disorderly
person, and accordingly left the Englishman to be
punished iu» tho Moghul authorities might think fit.
Presently, however, the drunken cook was restored
to his master, without having received any puuish-
ment at all.*
Terry, accompanied by four Englishmen ami rm
twenty natives, proceeded, with six waggons laden
with presents for Jchnnglr, from Surat to Maudu, a
journey of about four hundred mile?. At night-time,
the party halted outside sonic largo town or village,
arranging their waggons iu a ring, and pitchiug their
huts within the rirclo. They kept watch iu turns, but
they were accompanied by a servant of the Viceroy
of Guzernt : and whenever there was anv suspicion
of danger, this servnut procured a company of horse-
men ns a guard. As it huppcnt-il, however, the jour-
ney was accomplished without a single encounter.
At one place the inhabitants persisted iu guard- ^
ing them nil night, although told they were not.
wanted. Next morning they demanded payment,
and being refused, three hundn?d men cumo out and
slopped the waggons. One of the Englishmen pro-
1 Thm M'eftml *»tbomie* win olwij-* pol U t* Tifc*toT4 *o hr*
*• lt>c m ruitnr* vtrn jout« iud cctutcoii* In rttum. Jl:»t tbi j o«>r
ot English mm, tb»ni at now. w«r# too ofltn h.su.srtt tn»l :cwiTtii
MiT9 QttfLTiUlei. It ♦. ta will ft* im, WliiiT*.! JiX* *» c*ritUrmt-
420
HISTORY OF IXDU.
cn»r. i* pared to fire Lis musket; and the men themselves
began to bend their bows. At. this moment it was
discovered that a gift, equal to three shillings sterling
would satisfy the whole three huudred. The monev
was accordingly paid, and the men went away quite
contented.
&#*. On another occasion, a hot-headed young gentleman
from England gave some trouble. He had arrogantly
ordered the servant of the Viceroy of Ginterat to hold
his horse, and the man bad refused to do his bidding.
Accordingly, the rash English youth laid his horse-
whip about the man’s shoulders, and fired a pistol,
tearing the man's coat and bruising his knuckles.
The offender was soon disarmed, and the servant was
propitiated with a rupee and a promise of more
money on reaching Mandu, The servant seemed
satisfied at the time, and it was thought that the
whole thing was forgotten. Ton hours afterwards,
however, a native graudeo passed by with a largo
train, and the servant complained to the great man
of the treatment he had received. The grandee said
that the Euglish were in the wroug, but that it. was
no business of his, ami so went his way. That same
night the English party halted near a- large town, anil
the servant complained to the inhabitants. Many of
the people came out of the town and looked at tho
strangerB, but did nothing. All the Euglish kept
watch that night to guard against any surprise from
the townspeople ; hut nest morning tho servant was
quieted with a little money and many good words,
and nothing more was heard of the matter.
matU”"; There were, however, mountains and forests in
*»•**» ’ part of the country between Surat and Mandu
which were infested by robbers; and traveller*
MOttHCL EMPIRE : CIVILISATION.
421
often hired stout daring men, such as Beloochi*, cmr ix.
Patnns, or Kujptits, as guards. These men were so
trustworthy that they were always ready to die in
defence of the properly they were engaged to protect.
Terry said that ;ui English merchant might have
travelled alone under such a guard from Surat to
Lahore with a treasure of gold and jewels ; and so
long 08 the men received their fair wages, not one
would have touched u penny of it. Terry doubted if
an Indian merchant could have done the same in
England without being robbed and murdered. Terry,
it will be remembered, llourisbcd in the reign of
James the First.
The faithfulness of servants in Indiu was said to ber*.»-.u«..f
very remarkable. Their pay, equal to live shillings
u month, was given them every new moon, hut they
always required a month’s pay in advance. One of
the caniel-leadem in Terry’s party received his pay
regularly for two months, but at the end of the third
month was told to wait a day or two, when a fresh
supply of cash would oouie to baud. The man was
offended ut the delay, and took a solemn farewell of
his camel, and then went away .and was never seen
again . 4 Tho other servants stayed with the party,
and were paid within the specified time.
Terry furnishes some particulars respecting th:
Great Moghul aud the general administration of tho
country, which are valuable as expressions of con-
temporary opinion. The Groat Moghul, he says, is an
overgrown power in respect to the vase extent of his
territories. He is like a huge pike in a great pond
that preys upou all his neighbours. Consequently,
• Vary cau mrcflf turn MM 'bit -twr •> > jm.it t i tin hitUtulim* .,r
u*ure MrrfcuU.
HISTORY OF INDIA.
(HaP IX.
Atwact *! arrlk
Uu tan.
|Hr«TV»tiM tn
c*t*M p* .Mi
rr-|L*i»inn^
f*r* ^ VI tmt/a.
Xr<w » !• iU\
Kil •
422
the native princes outside bin dominions purchase his
forbearance by large presents and homage, and by u
submissive acknowledgment of hia mighty power. 1
He is master of unknown treasures, and con command
w hat number of men he pleisca. Ilis armies consist
of incredible multitudes, but the officers are not
learned in the art of war, end they are in need of
skilful captains and commanders.
There were no laws to regulate justice hut what
were written iu the breasts of the Moghul and bia
Viceroys. The governors ofleu proceeded os they
pleased iu punishing the offender rather than the
offence : men's persons more than their crimes.
Murder aud theft wore punished with death, and
with that kind of death which the judge pleased to
impose. Some malefactors were hanged, some were
beheaded, some were impaled, some were tom to
pieces by wild beasts, soma were killed by elephants,
and Borne wore stung to death by snakes. 1
The Moghul never suffered any one of bis Viceroys
to tarry long in one government. After one year,
ho generally removed them elsewhere, so that none
might become too popular or powerful in any par-
ticular province.
The Moghul aud his Viceroys adjudicated all cases
of life and death. There were officers to assist them,
who were known os Kotwals ; aud it was the business
of the Kotwal to arrest offenders and bring them
before the judge. There were other judges, known ns
Kztzls, but they only meddled with contracts, debts,
and other civil matters. The Kotwal arrested both
' Tarry M joslobty aUlodin^ to lU Rajpit iUju.
• Tarry «m wriltof in tb« ntgt «.f Jiloxtfr. 1 1 will L ihu bn«(Ul Hurt
AunifwV rwrrrol M liiaarU Ui lighlaf puring <(o»un on all eapiUl cu«
MOGHUL EMPIRE t CIVILISATION'.
423
debtors and sureties, and brought them before the cutr.ir
KizI ; and if the debt was not satisfied, both debtors
and sureties were imprisoned and fettered, or sold
into slavery, together with their wives and children.*
PiBTRO Dklla Valle was n noble Italian from p..m m.
Rome, and n Roman Catholic l>v birth, education,
and conviction. lie had no taste for trade or profit
of any kiud ; on the contrary, he looked down with
contempt on tho Portuguese in India, who affected to
be soldiers and gentlemeu, whilst their daily lives
were absorbed in the pursuit of gain. Della Valle
visited India out of au intelligent curiosity, lx-goitcn
of the learning of the lime, to discover nny affinities
that might exist Let ween tho religion of Egypt and
that of India. He had previously travelled iu Turkey
and Persia, and had lost a dearly hcloved wife. In
India he found a change of scene, but he could not
throw off the meluncholy which often tinges his
narrative."
Della Valle landed at Sura r, on the western coast cut,
India, in February 162.3. The port belonged to the
Moghuls, and was already the resort of European
• TUU UrUiOiu coital prwtiiod i» ail Migbul t-xmlrii*. and cxi.t* U,
ll, -a day In tlio domic lout of the king of Banna.
11 Ml. V •!!»'» “ravrla in the Eat Iod-i. Eotileb trar.-U-.wo, U in.
Umdon, 1065. llrfla Vallo vu torn In 1JS4, and «*! eat co nit trxroli lu
161*. when ive -a. tw..lj<igkt join o( Uo laud'd at Sorat lu J«SJ,
wbes to *11 thirr—v-i y**r* of ago. Tho airy of bio mrrligo io * fur-
gutuu lAumct At Bi.-d'd bo hod f.ilre iti low k.Ui ■ young Sj-tn
Indy. »Lmo be will Madam* Maani. H« marriol Muni, aix! aba to-
|oni«l kim during bio nhi^aMt !n>«fic Ihrviih KurdHran and rir«';«. In
lu (•> bi. frUoda In Italy. bt d-icrlor* bur a* a ttndrl cl loaury.
aoeimpliibo-nt*. and viruia. She iL«d in I'eraia in 1621. and the termed
buaband hid htf l»dy oiahilninl. and eurkd II with him d irixg hla mb*.
^Ii«at iraul* In India. In 1656, fi*e J«*rr aflor Ur deoib, h<t remain. **ro
buri"! in the Chapd ol Sr. Paal »itb *-•*•. pomp to! ceremony | and I)ti!a
VaUo pronoiioard a (aural oration, exprruixs bio iorm-icn of being laid in
Ihc taut* place tbal Ibtlr leu auult might rue Irgelber**. lue Ur! dor.
42 1
HISTORY OF IKPTA.
chap it traders, especially Dutch and English. Both Dutch
and English had factories at- Surat, and thence curried
on n trade with Persia on one aide, aud the Eastern
Archipelago on the other. At this period neither
Madras, Bombay, nor Calcutta had any existence.
Farther south, half-way between Surat and Cape
Comorin, the Portuguese had a city and territory at
Goa ; and Goa had been the capital of the Portuguese
empire in the East, and the residence of a Portu-
guese Viceroy, for more than a century. The Portu-
guese were Catholics, and hated both the English and
the Dutch as heretics in religion and rivals in the
Eastern trade. On the other hand, both English and
Dutch were equally bitter against the Portuguese,
not only os Papists, but ns claiming to hold, by some
dubious grant from the Pope, ft monopoly of all the
trade to the eastward.
rjhuimui Della Valle was accompanied on bis voyage to
Surat by a young girl named Signora Mariueeia, who
had been brought up iu hid family from infancy, and
seemB to have been a favourite of his deceased wife.
The custom-house officials at Surat had been rude to
Sir Thomas Poe aud Mandelslo; aud even Della Valle
complained of the strictness with which they ex-
amined every article of baggage ; but they behaved
like gentlemen towards the Signora. They required
to he informed of her quality, aud ordered that she
should be politely treated and protected from any
violence or disorder. Meanwhile, a certain Donna
Lucia, the wife of one of the most eminent Dutchmen
at Surat, sent a coach to bring away the Signora,
mid accommodate her in her own house. 11
11 Thii young girl u frequently utmtinnuJ by Dolit Valla in «u:oxqc«iih
I«u o 1 UA faaveta, utuUt tlm tucr« CitetUr nmt of Maria tn Itaitia.
MOC.HUI. B&CPUiK : CIVILISATION.
425
At this period tlie English in India were nil cn. p n
bachelors, or living as bachelors; for those who hud »•** u .rm,-...
been married in England were strictly prohibited by
the laws of the East India Company from having
their wives out in India The Dutch, however, were
mostly married men living with their wives. Origi-
nally the Dutch had been under the same restrictions
ns the English, but they hml recently planted a
colony in Java under the name of New Batavia,
and great privileges had been offered to every Dutch-
man who married a wife and settled in Java. Accord-
ingly, all unmarried Dutchmen in Surat were bent on
finding wives, as one of the necessary conditions of a
trading life in the East. In the absence of European
women, they married Armenians, Syrians, and even
Hindus ; in fact, a Dutchman was ready to marry
a wife belonging to any class or nationality, provided
only that she was a Christian or would become a
Christian. Della Voile elates, and there is no reason
to discredit him, that sometimes a Dutchman bought
a female slave in the bazar, and required her to become
a Christian, iu order to marry her at ouce and carry
her off to Java.
Donna Lucia, who took charge of the young Signora <«
Marincciu, hud been the heroine of a strange adventure.
It was the custom of the king of Portugal to send a
number of well-born orphan girls every year to Goa,
with sufficient dowries to procure them husbands in
Portuguese India. Donna Lucia was ouc of three
Portuguese orphan girls of good family who had
been sent to India the previous year. The fleet
which carried them was attacked by the Dutch, who
captured some of the ships, and curried off the three
damsels to Surat. Being passably handsome, the
126
HISTORY OK INDIA.
ch»». ix. most emiuout merchants in Surat were anxious to
marry them. All three became Protestants, and
were provided with Protestant husbands. Two had
gono off with their husbands to Java or eleewhere,
but Doutia Lucia had married the wealthiest Dutch-
man at Surat and remained there. Delia Valle found,
however, to his great joy, that Donna Lucia was
only a Protestant iu name. She had boon obliged to
conform publicly to tho Protestant “heresy," but
was a Catholic iu private, with the knowledge and
connivance of her Protestant husband.
JVt a At the time of Della Valle’s visit to Surat the
Moghul rule was tolerant iu the extreme. The Em-
peror Jchnuglr was u M u&suUnau, but not a pure one ;
and Christians, Hindus, and people of all religions
were allowed to live as they pleased, aud in what style
they pleased. The president of the English factory
and the eommendator of the Dutch fuctory weut
abroad with the same state as Moghul grandees,
accompanied by music and streamers, and a train of
native servants armed with bows and arrows, and
swords and bucklers. Such weapons were not neces-
sary for protection, but were part of the pomp which
was affected by every great man iu Iudia.
Native servants, says Della Valle, cost very litde
in India; three rupees a mouth was the regular’ rate
of wages in the best families. There were also nume-
rous slaves, who cost less ; they were clad in cottons,
which were very cheap, aud lived on rice and fish,
which wero very plentiful.
ewt Della Valle was not interested iu the Mubain-
IMI* V^w 11
madans. He had seen enough of them during his
previous travels in Turkey and Persia. He was,
however, anxious to see as much as possible of the
MCKJUUL KMPIHF.: CIVILISATION.
427
Hindus, especially as they were allowed to practise cu.r. i*
all their religious rites at Surat, excepting that of
widow-burning or Saif. He adds, however, that the
Nawnb of Surat might, if he thought proper, permit
a widow to burn herself alive with her deceased
husband ; but this iwrmission conld only be obtained
by bril»s. Della Valle saw a marriage procession of
two boy-bridegrooms and two girl-brides, but them
was nothing iu it beyond the usual pomp of music
and streamer.
Della Vnllc witnessed a religious rite iu Surat
which is not often described by travellers.” He ^
saw the worship of Parvatf, the wife of Siva, in the
form of a tree. A circle was carved on the trunk of
the tree, to represent the face of the goddess. It \ra*
painted flesh colour, and decorated around with flowers
nnd leaves of betel, which were often renewed. It
was set about with eyes of gold aud silver, the gifts
of pious votaries, who had been cured of diseases of
the eye. Overhead was a great bell, and this bell
was rung, not to summon the worshippers to devo-
tion, but to call u]ion the goddess to listen to their
prayers. 13
When the worshippers had rung liic bells, they iw^r
joined their hands in the attitude of prayer. They
next stretched their hands down to the ground, nnd
then Blowly raised them to their bps, and finally ex*
11 Tur no ilk Ip vl trt't '» noirar-U in I Mil 'h* rri»fkri« riu* liiwri'uai
uj MiB VaiU ore |s«A«Iy U»»» tkit onj n't l- t"n Tk» *'•'», t> of
utm »o4 rfWB tail ttfTtvioa in lLa Riiuniyim <*< Hi,t tj nf I»£lt,
ml. ii.>. Tla w^nJiip ol ■ mmitiuiu U drift 1 , k-d In tlir hgradt <4 Kri>&M
<*r llnl>rj. »«l It
« Thu IUu ol ktlu lifMtiliuij A gtfdl lure sp in lit'
Mti-yi in Ike r«U«t o! Uisdu IU-u, »oJ In p«l«o* "I fit-.*
Mock'll, »ml <■*» ra»3 by prtaioDfrn to Ind ico tl» »/<'r*<20 to litUu l«
Ikclt comi '.iiul*
HtSTOKY or INDIA.
42S
cm' n tended them as high as possible over their heads.
Some said their prayers standing; others prostrated
themselves on the earth, or touched thu ground with
their foreheads, and performed other acts of humility.
Next they walked ono or more times round the tree,
and sprinkled the idol with rice, oil, milk, and other
like offerings. But there was no sprinkling of blood.
Indeed the slaughter of animals, even for sacrifice,
was regarded as a mortal sin. Some gave alms to the
priest who attended upon the idol ; in return they
were presented with a portion of the llowers and
leaves of hotel wiiich surrounded the idol. They
kissed these flowers and leaves with groat devotion,
and placed t hem on their heads in tokeu of reverence.
f’C™ w " Beside the tree was a little ehapel with a narrow
window which served for entrance. Barren women
entered that chapel, and some time afterwords found
themselves with child. This result was ascribed to
the presence of priests within tho chapel. 1 *
SS'j'uu'u Della Valle stayed only a few days at Surat. He
was anxious to go to Cambay, about eighty miles to
the northward, where the Hindus were more nume-
rous. The time3 were troubled. Shah Jchan, tlio
eldest son of Jahangir, was in open rebellion against
Ida father, aud marching an army towards Agra. On
the eve of Della Valle's departure from Surut, news
arrived from Agra that Jelinngir had sent Asof Khan
to Agra to remove the imperial treasures before Shull
Jehan should arrive there. 11
■' Della Valle made the journey from Surat to Cambay
*• &m : *Xir »bc<nicoti*)Ds are carried in India to tLk day, c»j«osjUy lu
ihr Urrftftrfa* of Raj pit priuocf.
l * 7hw incident tu already b<un : titled to draliaj with lb# reign of
:*Uug\r. There are eat oral utLorUU fur the ifuue tuny. Pella Valb,
luvew, ixt% iLe date, 1 C 23 .
MOOtlUL empire: civilisation.
429
in four days, and lodged at tbe house of the Dutch ran ix
merchants, who treated him with great hospitality.
The strangest things to be seen at Cambay were
the hospitals for sick and lame animals. The Hindus
maintained these hospitals because they believed in
tho transmigration of the soul after death, and ima-
gined that tending sick animals was equivalent to
tending tbe souls of departed men. Della Valle
visited a hospital for lame or diseased birds of all
kinds, wild and domestic. Those which recovered
were set at liberty : tho wild ones flew away ; the
domestic ones were given to some pious person to
keep in his own house. In the some hospital were
certain orphan mice without sire or dam. An old
man with n white beard, and spectacles on his nose,
kept the mice in a box with cotton wool, ami gave
them milk with a bird's feather.
Della Valle also visited a hospital of goats and
sheep; some wore sick or lame; others had been .a.. -1 '
redeemed from Muhurmnadnn butchers by the pay-
ment of ransom. There was another hospital of cows
and calves; some had broken legs; others were old,
infirm, or very lean. A Muhammadan thief, who had
been deprived of hi# hands, was also maintained in
the same hospital.
No ransom was paid for the redemption of cows or owkiroj^
calves, as the Hindus of Cambay had prevailed on «-
the Moghul with a large sum of money to prohibit
the slaughter of those animals under heavy penalties.
If auy man, Muhammadan or otherwise, slaughtered
a cow or calf at Cambay, be was in danger of losing
his life.
In the neighbourhood of Cambay, Della Vulle saw ujhu «*i»
a troop of naked Yogis, smeared with ashes, earth,
430 UlSIOKY OF INDIA.
cmr rx. and colours. They were sitting ou tho ground in a
circle, making a ring round their Archimandvita or
leader. This man was held in tho highest respect for
holiuese, not only by tho Yogis, but by the common
people. Many grave persona went and made low
reverences to him, kissed his hands, aud stood in a
humble posture before him ; whilst be affected a
strange scoru of all worldly things, and scarcely
deigned to speak to those that came to honour him.
The Yogis lived upon alms, and despised clothes anti
riches. They feigned to lead lives of celibacy, but
wero known to commit debaucheries. They formed
societies under the obedience of their superiors, but
otherwise wandered about the world without having
any settled abode. Their habitations were the fields,
the streets, the porches, the courts of temples, ami
under the trees, especially where any idol was wor-
shipped. They underwent with the utmost patience
the rigour of the night air or the excessive heat of
the midday sun. They had spiritual exercises, and
some pretensions to learning; but Della Valle dis-
covered that their so-called wisdom chiefly consisted
in arta of divination, secrets of herbs, and other
natural tbingB ; alao in magic aud enchantments, to
which they were much addicted, and by means of
which they boasted of doing great wonders.
In itarch 1023 Della Valle returned to Surat.
• Further news bad been received from Agra. Shah
Jchan had taken anil sacked the city, hut failed to
capture tho fortress which contained the imperial
treasure. Fearful barbarities had been committed by
the rcliel prince and hia soldiery. The citizens of
Agra had been put to the torture to force them to
discover their secret hoards. Many ladies of quality
MOGHUL EMPIKE I CIVILISATION’. 431
had been outraged and mangled. Meanwhile Jehangfr ciui. ix
suspected that Asof Khan was implicated in the
rebellion, and placed him in close custody. It was
reported that Jehangfr was marching an army very
slowly towards Agra.
Della Valle next proposed going to Goa, the famous
capital of Portuguese India. Goa was nearly four
hundred miles to tho south of Surat. The distance
was too great for a land journey, whilst the voyage
was dangerous on account of tho Malabar pirates that
infested those waters. At last Della Valio arranged
to undertake the voyage in the company of a large
Portuguese convoy.
At starting there was a domestic difficulty. Della
Valle had tnken a Muhammadan boy into hia service
in Persia, named Gnlal, and induced him to become a
Christian. On arriving at Surat, Gahd ignored his
conversion, and declared himself a Mussulman. At
first Della Valio thought the boy was acting through
fear of the Moghul authorities ; but soon had reason
to suspect him of an intention of returning to the
religion of the Koran. Tho custom-house official*
interfered, and refused to allow Gnlal to accompany
his Christian m.oaccr to a Christian country like Goa,
where he might be jtemrted from the religion of tho
Prophet- Della Valle was ao angry that lie threatened
the boy with death if ho ventured to turn Mussulman.
On this Galal was bo frightened at the prospect that
he resolved to remain a Christian ; and he accordingly
managed to escape from Surat, and eventually accom-
panied his master to Goa.
Della Valle left Surat on the 21th of March 1G23, «£•**■;«•»
and reached Goa on the 8th of April. Tho city was 0m -
the metropolis of all the Portuguese possessions in
432
HISTORY OK INDIA.
chai. ix the East. It was seated on one of the numerous
islands off tho western coast, -which were formed by
rivers that separated them from the mainland. It
was built on the innermost side of tho island, facin';
the continent ; but the whole island, especially near
tho hank of the river, was adorned with towns and
country-houses, in the midst of groves of paliu trees
and delightful gardens. The island was nearly
environed by a wall, especially on the land side,
and the gates were continually guarded. Tbi3 was
necessary to repel the attacks of Mahratta and
Muhammadan neighbours, and to prevent tho outlet
of thieves or slaves, who might otherwise escape
over the river into the dominions of the Muham-
madan Sultan of Bljdpur. On the sea side such
precautions were unnecessary. Here there were
numerous islets and peninsulas belonging to the Por-
tuguese, which were occupied by towns and numerous
churches.
ciirtf«Mi Della Valle entered the river of Goa from the north
side. As he reached the inmost recess he saw. the
city stretched out on his right hand. It was built
partly upon a plain, and partly on pleasant hills;
and from the tops of these hills there was a charming
prospet of the whole island and tho sea beyond.
The buildings were good, large, and convenient.
They were contrived, for the most port, to receive
the breezes and fresh air which moderated tho ex-
treme heals. The churches were the finest buildings
in Goa. Many were held by religious orders, such
as Augufttiues, Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites,
and Jesuits. Indeed, there were too many priests at
Goa; half the number would have sufficed for a
much larger city. Besides the religious ordere, there
MOGHUL EMPIRE: CIVILISATION.
433
C4li.
were many secular priests, parishes, an<l chapels, ami, our ix.
lastly, tho cathedral.
The native inhabitants of Goa were numerous, swiw IM ««-
but the most ]>art were slaves. They were a black
generation, ill clad, ami a disparagement to the
«ty.
The Portuguese Were few iii uumbor, auJ had much
decliucd of lute years. They used to l«s rich, but ^
bad lost their wealth through the incursions of the
Dutch and English, and become very ix>or. In out-
ward appearance they still lived in sonic splendour,
fur tho country was very plentiful, and they made u
show of all they had. But in secret they suffered
great hardships. They were all desirous of being
accounted gentlemen ; and rather tlmu submit to
mechanical employments, they underwent much dis-
tress, and evou went out bogging iu tho evening.
They all professed arms, and claimed to he considered
as soldiers, the married as well os the single. Few.
except priests and doctors of law ami physic, were
seen without a sword. Even the artificers and
meanest plebeians carried swords and wore silk
clothes.
Delhi Valle found the Portuguese singularly sqneaiu- ■n.tooi
ish. lie was accompanied by the young girl, Mariam
Tiuitiu, who had been brought up in his house from
a little child, and was always treated as hi3 own
daughter ; but the Portuguese of Goa held it to l>o
contrary to good manners that the two should be
dwelling iu the same house. Della Valle uOcord-
iugly placed Mariam Tiuitin iu the charge of a Portu-
guese gentlewoman ; hut lie could uot help remarking
on the depravity which wna often to be found amongst
near relations lit Goa, ami which rendered such pre-
cjur. ix
<4
«•«
rr.n Mc^Snl
wUi-1
434 HISTORY OF INDIA.
cautions necessary to prevent public scandal" As
regards Della Valle, however, his feelings were des-
tined to undergo uu extraordinary change. Tho
story has already been told of his burying his beloved
wife with great pomp at Home, and delivered an
oration over her remains. Subsequently ho married
Mariam Tinitin.
Delhi Valle lodged for a few dnvs in a convent of
tlie Jesuit* Here he found many Italian father?,
besides Portuguese, Castilians, and priests of other
nations. The Jesuits employed many Italian fathers
on missions to China, Japan, India, and other countries
in the Bast Many of these missionaries wore leaned
and accomplished men. One wua skilled in the lan-
guages of China and Japan ; another was a great
mathematician; a third was learned in Greek and
Arabic; whilst one priest was distinguished na a
pniuter.
On the 27th of April 1623 there was a solemn
procession at Goa of the most Holy Sacnuneut for
the annual feast of Corpus Climti. The procession
was made by the whole clergy, with a greater show
of green boughs than clothes. Mysteries were repre-
sented by persons in disguise, accompanied by ficti-
tious animals, dances, and masquerades. These'thinga
wore not to Della Valle’s liking. He says that in
Italy they would have been better suited to rural
villages than to great cities.
On t he 11th of May a Portuguese gentleman arrived
MOGHUL EMPIRE : CIVI U8ATI0S.
435
at Goa; lio hud como from the court of Sixain over- cur ix.
Land through Turkey. He was said to hove made a
rapid journey; he brought letters from Madrid dated
tho end of October, and landed at Goa in little more
than six months. At Marseilles he met tho courier
who was carrying the tidings to Madrid that tho
Portuguese had lost their famous settlement in tho
island of Ormuz in the Persian Gulf. Ho brought
out a variety of news from Europe, especially that
five saints had been cauonUcd in one day, namely,
Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, Philip Ncri, Teresa,
and Isidore.
Saint Teresa was the founder of the order of the
barefooted Carmelites. Accordingly, the Carmelites
at Gon determined to celebrate her canonisation at
once, to prevent its being confounded with the
canonisation of Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the
order of the Jesuits. Tho ceremonial took place on
the 20th of -May, being nine days after tho arrival of
the news. Two Portuguese boys* richly clad in riding-
habits ns couriers, were sent to announce the canonisa-
tion of Saint Teresa to the Viceroy of Goa iu certain
appropriate verses. The same boys proclaimed the
glorious occasion with the sound of a trumpet through-
out tlic streets of Goa, ami scattered tho versos
amongst tho people of the city. Meanwhile tho
hells in all the churches were ringing with joy ; for
so tho Bishop hud given orders. At night there
were displays of fireworks throughout tho city;
whilst all the chief Portuguese of the place paraded
the streets iu various disguises after tho manner of
a masquerade. Della Valle went in the garb of un
Arab gcntlemnu, and was accompanied by a boy
dressed ns a Persian soldier.
43G
HISTORY or INDIA.
ciup.ix. On tlic 2 4 tli of Judo the feast of Saint John the
] Baptist was celebrated at Goa. The Viceroy and
f,?i" other Portuguese gentlemen nxlo through tl»e city in
masquerade habits, but without masks. They nest
heard Mass in the church of Saint John, aud then
went to the large street of Saint Paul. Many com-
panies of Kami rose Christian soldiers marched past
with ensigns, drums, aud arms, leaping and playing
along tho streets with drawn swords in their bauds.
Della Valle saw the show from tho house of a native
who was culled King of the Maldives. The ancestors
of this man had been real kings, but he had been
driven out of his dominions by his own subjects ;
and he had fled to Goa and turned Christ inn, in the
hope that the Portuguese would help him to recover
his kingdom. Ho soon discovered that lie had been
deceived ; and there were many other princes in India
who had been deceived by the Portuguese in like
manner.
QivntatUn cf Subsequently the Jesuits of the college of Saint
5^’iyr Paul celebrated the canonisation of their two saints,
ii r...*' DJ tM 9
Ignatius and Xavier, and the splendour of the cere-
monial for exceeded chat of the Curmelitea. All the
collegians came forth in a great cavnlcado, divided
into threo squadrons under three banners. One
squadron represented Europe, the second Asia, and
tho third Africa; aud the men of each squadron
were dressed in the costumes of tho nations of
their respective continents. Before the cavalcade
went a chariot of clouds, with Fame on tho top, who
sounded her trumpet to the accompaniment of other
music, und proclaimed the canonisation of Ignatius
and Xavier. Two other chariots followed; one re-
presented Faith, or the Church; the other was a
MOGHUL EMPIRE : CIVILISATION. 437
Mount Parnassus, carrying Apollo and the Muses as cn*i« \\
representatives of Ihe sciences taught in the college.
Five great pyramids, covered with pictures, were also
drawn along ou wheels by men on foot. The first
was painted with all the martyrs of the order of
Jesuits. Tlie second was painted with doctors and
author belonging to the same order. The third 'VOS
painted with figures of every nation to which the
Jesuits had sent missions, and thus represented the
various languages in which the Jesuits preached and
taught. The fourth pyramid was painted with devices
showing all the provinces of the said religion. The
fifth displayed ail the miracles which had been per-
formed by the two saints, Ignutius and Xavier. These
pyramids wore drawn through the principal streets,
and then placed as monuments in different parts of
the city.
On the first Sunday in [.out the Augustine fathers r> „f
made a .solemn procession to represent the footsteps
of our Lord during His Passion. They carried a
figure of Christ with a cross ou his shoulders, and
many scourged themselves as they walked along.
They were clad in white sackcloth, very gravely,
according to the humour of the Portuguese nation.
Altars had been set up at certain places in tlic city,
and the procession halted at each altar, whilst the
fathers sang appropriate hymns. After a while the
figure of Christ was turned back, and t ho people filled
tbe air with tbeir lameutatious.
There was no city in the world where there were Mimwtfoi
so many processions as in Goa. The religions orders !«*»»«• «<••**•
were rich and numerous, and the priests were vastly
in exees; of tho needs of the city. At the some time
the people of Goa were naturally idle aud addicted to
HISTORY OF INDIA.
chip ix. shown. They neglected matters of more weight, nml
more profit to the public, and readily busied them-
selves in these exhibitions.
*i..iw«r Della Voile remnrkcd that, from a religious point of
view, such shows wero all very well as part of Divino
worship; hut from a worldly point of view they were
unprofitable, aud much too frequent. The crowd of
monks and ecclesiastics was burdensome to the state
and prejudicial to the militia. Goa was a city border-
ing on enemies; it was the metropolis of a kingdom
lying in the midst of barbarians. Under such cir-
cumstances the utmost attention should have been
given to fleets and armies.
u Della Valle furnishes a striking illustration of the
'■*• low tone of Christian thought iu Goa. During Lent
there were sermons preached at eveniug timo in the
different churches on the Passion of our Lord. At
the end of these sermons pictures were exhibited by
lighted rapem ; one day that of "Ecce Homo*" another
day that of our Lord carrying the cross, and on the
ln3t day there was a picture of the Crucifixion. Some-
times the figures iu the pictures wero made to move
and turn; thus a robe fell from the “ Eeco Ilomo "
and discovered the wounded body. At this sight, the
people raised prodigious cries and the women shrieked
and screamed. The gentlewomen were so zealous
that they uot only cried out themselves, but obliged
their maids to cry out in liko manner; and if there
was any failure in this respect, they would beat their
maids in church, and that very loudly, so that even, 1
one could hear them.
October 1623 tho Viceroy of Goa proposed
sending an ambassador to tho Raja of Kanara, a
potentate whose dominions lay at some distance to
MOUHCL EMi'lUE : CIVILISATION. 439
the south of Goa. Della Valle was very anxious to cn.r. ix.
see some Hindu country under Hindu rulo, where —
the people performed their own rites after their own
manner, without any interference from Muhammadan
or Christian masters. Accordingly he accompanied
the ambassador oil his minion to Kanora.
Before describing Della Valle’s visit to Southern ninwy.f
T • • • % £c«!btfu In4«ju
India, it may i>c aa well to glance at the general
history of the Peninsula.
There were three traditional Hindu empires or t».. mm.
nationalities in the south, which arc distinguished
by their respective languages; namely, the Ttelinga,
the Tamil, and the Kauaxese. Each of these empires
was occasionally disjointed into groups of kingdoms,
and sometimes one or more kingdoms were conso-
lidated into some temporary empire. The Telinga
empire of Vijayanagara, the Tamil kingdom of Madura,
uud tho Kanareao empire of the Bckfl dynasty,
might be accepted a a reprcBcntativefl of such Hindu
states and powers; but it must always be borne
in mind, in dealing with Hindu history, that whilst
the political areas were constantly changing, the
areas of tho respective languages remained the
same.' 1
When a Hindu empire was broken up, its provinces Citirmlcn c4
became kingdoms, uud the Naik or deputy governor
of n province became au independent Raja. The *‘ J “
breaking-up of the Hindu empire ofVijajnnagar is an
illustrutiou of these revolutions. A number of petty
princes, like tho Nailca of Kanara, Mysore, Vellore,
Tanjore, and Madura, sprang into existence, and were
soon engaged iu intermittent wars amongst them-
S«« Aroctidli ll., H!sAti AatuV
HISTORY OF INDIA.
440
cmr iv. selves.'* Della Valle’s visit to the south will briug
some of these potty Rajas under close review.
According to Della Valle, the Raja of Knnora was
\uk'<r!Eul. known by the name of Yonk-tapa Kaik. 'J'ho lather
or predecessor of this prince was some time vnssnl of
the great Raja of Vijayonagnr ; but after the down-
fall of that empire lie luicame absolute soveroigu of
the province of which lie had been hitherto only
governor. Veuk-tapa Nnik was a good soldier, aud
had greatly enlarged his dominions by seizing the
territories of bis neighbours. Flo had gone to war
with a neighbouring prince, known os tko Raja of
liunghcl, who was an ally of Portugal. lie had dis-
possessed the Raja of his fort and territory, and
defeated a Portuguese force which had been sent to
restore the Raja to the throne of BungheL
iu’nk'rt!'' 8 P*** t *'* s victory over rhe Portuguese force*-,
Venk-tapa Nailc was anxious for peace with Portugal
His country produced much pepper, and the Portu-
guese were accustomed to buy it. Moreover, the
Portuguese owed him a large balance for the pepper
of the previous year. Ho was thus ready to form an
alliance with the Viceroy of Gon, but lie suspected
that tile Viceroy wanted him to restore the territory
and fortress of Bangbd, and he wus resolved to do
nothing of the kind. He sent n Brahman named
Vitula Sitiuy to Gon, aud this Drahman had carried on
some negotiations with the Portuguese Viceroy, and
was now returning to Kanani, accompanied by the
Portuguese ambassador and Delia Valle.
To. l»**oui of the Nutti uf feral* « £ur i praline u i-I tin, lllmla
•~»1« «4 little mju. Sra Appcadl, 1 1.
StricUr .pratlag. U» dd tt.j.. of V.llor. -no a .,t K.ie. t„|
." 1 -w.tm of tim .M faci-lj of V;}\j»n*jar, and „ ckimtd to I.
lUKriiftf ovtr U»* t»h^> PenimUi.
moghcl empire: civilisation.
411
The country intervening between Goa and Kauara chap ix
belonged to the Muhammadan Sultan of Bfj&pur.
Tiro journey between the two territories might thus Ur 0 ' 1 " u " v
have been made by land, but the Sultan's officer*
were not always courteous to the Portuguese. It
WOS therefore resolved to send the embassy by scu.
Ihe Brahman, Vitula Siuuy, went iu one ship, and
the Portuguese ambassador and Della Voile went in
another. Three other ships carried tiro baggage, ns
well a a horses ami other presents for Vcnk-tapa
Naik. The whole were accompanied by a convoy of
Portuguese war-frigates under the command of a
Portuguese admiral.
The fleet sailed from Goa to the Portuguese port u-w.nr «•>>•*»
of Ouore, a distance of eighteen leagues.'* The
voyage waa marked by incidents peculiar to the
seventeenth century. There was a difficulty about
seamen. Goa was on the decline, and the Sultan of
Bfjipur would not permit the Portuguese ships to
enter his |(orts and engage mariners. Next there
was a bootless chase of Malabar corsairs ; hut, nfeer
some delay, the fleet arrived ul Ouore.
Tuo port of Ouore "na a fair specimen of a Portu-
gueac settlement. There was a large fort with a
commandant. Most of the married Portuguese lived
within the fort in separate houses, having wells and
gardens. The streets within the fort were large and
fair, and there was also a piazza which would hold
all the inhabitants in the event of a siege. There
were two churches, but only one priest, who was the
vicar of the Archbishop of Goa.
Within this secluded fort there had liecu fill CX- ?c»n»v.atOr«r»
citing scandal. The wife of the commandant was
" O-'ito «|i|:ein on aotkra uw|o under On Dime ul HuiuUwar.
442
HISTORY OF INDIA.
chap k. very jealous. Site had banished a servant who was
” supposed to have carried messages from the com-
maudnnt to other ladies. Tlio vicar had interfered,
and there had been a grand quarrel between the
romniAudont and the vicar. The ambassador ha<l
becu ordered to make pence he tween the two. He
was said to have succeeded as far na outward appear-
ances were concerned, but it was only a forced recon-
ciliation.
Della Vallo and the embassy were delayed some
Si:;?... dn y» at Onora - The kingdom of Vcnk-tapa Naik
bordered on Onorc ; :l1 but the Raja had lost a beloved
wife, and would not see any one. A curious story
was told of this queen. Both she und her husband
were Hindus of the caste and religion of the Linga-
vanta." After many years of married life, the queen
discovered that her husband kept a Muhammadan
mistress. Slie would have overlooked the affront
had her rival been a pure Hindu, but tiro woman
was a Muhanuuadau, and an eater of flesh moot, and
the connection wus regarded as impure. Accordingly
tho Hindu queen vowed that she would never more
live with Venk-tapa excepting as his daughter.
The Raja implored her to change her mind, and
offered to pay a large sum for the redemption of her
vow, but she remained obdurate until death.
^ at '’° ,| k' t!, P a had other reasons, besides grief for
The lUj of K.iuw. iirktar V-ok-Up* N‘>4 »«teolfU fiom (>=^r«V. Man.
gnlofe, an' iwlateil the K*j of Xunali. At M-ngiloie the eoeutr; tn -.be
unitkirirf tru knowo u »&1 formed the doaluiou of -J» Znm-ittn.
MuiethiN out, in fort, Ui« bnemfnry buneca Km.'.n in.] Mjluber. At *
l*Wr s*rirf C»nn«iic« Vf«m" the frontier.
” ’■'* I<iog»T»nU wrt» TTOTihipixr. of the or phillai u .u iraUcm
of the Sofeemo Being oJ Cr.»Ue c( tho utlvor-. Tti. itreojo faith ».i»
to* u>foap»Utilt with S»«n, u the ijtr.bcl i. uid to bo devoid of *11
gtouoeu In lit miaJ« ol the '•cfthipptn
MOGHUL EJIPIUE : CIVILISATION.
113
the loss of his queen, for not wishing to see the Por- cii*p. ix.
tnguese ambassador. He suspected that the am-
iKissndor would demand the restoration of Banghcl.
Ho was angry with the Portuguese for not having
paid for last year's pepper, and lie was troubled about
the sale of the pepper for the current year. He saw
that the fortunes of the Portuguese were on tho
decline, and ho was inclined to take advantage of
their weakness, and carry matters with a high hand.
At las: the embassy set out from Onorc to go to
tho city of licked, the capital of Venk-tapa’s king- r, 'v«.
dom of Knnam. Some difficulties were felt, in the
way of provisions and coolies ; hut. the Brahman
envoy made excuses for all shortcomings, and did his
best to smooth matters. Three leagues to :be south
of Onore was the city of Gorsopn, which hud been
ruined by Venk-tapa Naik. In former years there
hud been a queen of Garsopa, who was known to
the Portuguese as tho Queen of Pepper. In that
country the queens took ns many lovers- or husbands
as they pleased, hut the queen of Garsopa chose n
mean man and a stranger, who at last took possession
of her kingdom. The queen appealed to tho Portu-
guese for help against the traitor, who in his turn
applied for help to Venk-tapa Naik. In the cud,
Venk-tapa Naik invaded Garsopa, put the traitor to
death, took possession of the country, destroyed the
city and palace, and carried off the queen as his
prisoner. When Della Valle visited the spot, the city
was covered with jungle ; trees were growing above
the ruins of the houses ; and lour cottages of peasants
were all that remained of u populous city.
After leaving Garsopa, Della Valle and his party
began to climb the Gbit. The mountain was not so
411
HISTORY 07 1XDIA.
(nip. ix. high as the Apennines, but the ascent was easier, the
woods were mure beautiful and dense, and the water
was quite as clear.
On the top of the Glide tliotc was n fortress,
together with a native village and a temple of Ilanu-
man, the monkey god who helped Rdma in his ware
against lidvana. In the evening the captain of tlio
fortress sent a present of sugar-canes and other re-
freshments to the Portuguese ambassador. lie was
n Muhammadan from the Dekhan. Ho had formerly
been iu the service of the Sultan of Bfjitpnr, but had
ltecn taken prisoner by Venk-tapa Xaik, and entered
the service of his Hindu conqueror. He had now
been twenty-five years in the service of tho Hindu
Raja without changing his religion.
Tmpx'xon Della Valle was Very much interested iu tho temple
JUSTS' 1 of Hanumau. He emv the statue of the monkey god
" e * ,D “ set up iu the temple, with lights burning before it.
A silver hand had Imccii huug up on the wall by some
devout person, probably as a votive offering for the
cure of some disoasc of the baud. Many people came
lo offer fruit and other edibles to the idol. One of
the priests presented tho offerings, murmuring his
orisons. Half of the offerings was reserved for the
servants of the temple, and the other half was re-
turned to the worshipper. If it was but a cocoa-nut,
the priest split it iu two before the idol, and then
gave back one-half to the man who offered iu The
worshipper took his half of the cocoa-nut with great
reverence, and would afterwards eat if as sacred food
that lmd been tasted by the idol.
At night there was barlxirous music at the gate of
the temple. Della Valle was told iliac Hanumau was
about to go on pilgrimage to a place of devotion near
MOGHUL KMNUB: CIVILISATION.
415
the Portuguese city of St Thome on the coxal, of our i*.
Coromandel, “ The idol wn 3 to l« carried in a _
palanquin, accompiuiicd by a great crowd of men
and women, with music aud songs, much in the
same mauucr that the liodies or images of the saints
were carried in procession or pilgrimage to I.oretto or
Home iu the Holy Year.
Amongst others who assisted at the service of the tizskic
idol was a woman who was held to be a saint. It
was said that she took no food, not even rice, mid
that the idol delighted to sleep with her. The
people often naked her about future eveuts, aud
when she had consulted the idol, she gave them
their answer.
The sights on the top of the Glutt were many and y;_< ,• u,.
varions. The captain of the fortress paid a visit to *— *—
the Portuguese ambassador. He was accompanied
by a number of soldiers with various kinds of weapons.
Most of them had pikes, lances like half-pikes, aud
swords. Two of the soldiers had swords and bucklers,
aud appeared iu front of the captain, dancing anil
alnrni billing after their manner, as if they fought
together.
In the afternoon, whilst standing in the porch of mo***,
the temple, Della Valle saw four little boys learning
arithmetic by writing out their lessons with their
fingers on a sanded pavement. The first boy sung
bis lesson, such as two and two make four: and the
otber boys sung and wrote after him in like manner.
When the pavement was full of figures, it was wiped
clean and strewed with fresh sand.
n Tim plow of ww proUUy Trinfen, iL»" u. four mll«. Irco
Modrui ; or It in*J UiC L«u H*wi~.r-JO, « lli- *»mn« taalh at Uo taOlu
ptajiiua.
HISTORY OF INDIA.
440
chap ix. At last the Portuguese ambassador and party re-
».'.na sunicd their journey. About half a league from tlio
uTUirurtwy. fortress Della Vallo saw a Muhammadan raosquo
beside a tank. He was told that the captain of die
fortress bad Icon permitted by Venk-tapa Nalk to
build this mosque ; but this was regarded ns n great
favour, for Hindu Rajas were not uncustomed to suffer
temples of other religious to bo set up within their
territories.
tv*,!, .f At another halting-place, Della Valle saw a temple
of Vuruua.** The idol stood at the upper end with
candles before him. Della Valle could uot see the
figure, but was told it was in the shape of a man.
Them were other idols, some of which were figures
of gods, whilst others were only ornaments. There
were also some immodest representations of men and
women, but these were not gods. Amongst the gods
was it Uralima with five heads, and three arms on u
side, silting astride a peacock; n Narnia (Vishnu)
with four arms on a side ; ft Gunesha with the head
of an elephant. ; another idol with a muu under his
feet, upon whose head lie trampled ; together with
others of various sorts.
Avuni »n. » Della Vallo observed that all these idols had the
«**-« same covering on the head, with many picks or
peaks, nil ending in one long peak ; a strange and
majestic diadem, which was no longer used in India.
Della Valle remembered to have seen in Rome some
diadems of the same shape upon the heads of some
Egyptian statues. They were like the diadems of
Catholic saints ; or, as some made it, three crowns,
“ TV" “M ' enriou. rolio of Vrile wur.lla Varov, nr, »> Della Valla
.|<lh It, “ Vliera," ll>e VnBc 4.i«v ,4 lie ««.
MOGHUL KMPir.t ; CIVILISATION. 447
one upon another, like the pontifical crown of the ciur. ix
Pope. 1 *
In tho evening the priests of the temple of Varuno ttt
rung a kind of bell or (shell inside the building by T «* n *-
striking it with n stuff. They then beat two damn
very loudly, and sounded two pipes or tluies of metnl.
The people assembled without, whilst tapers were
lighted within. The image of Vanina was then
placed in a palanquin under a rich ennopy, and n
procession was formed. One of the priests marched
in front continually sounding a bell. Jinny other*
followed with bells, ending with two who carried
lighted tapers. Then followed the idol under the
canopy, preceded by a priest carrying a vessel of
burning perfumes. The procession entered the court
without the temple, and so through tho guto of the
court into the street, still sounding the balk; and bo
through the city, accompanied by a great truiu of
men and womeu.
When the procession returned to the temple, a c«w »in
priest from the upper end saluted the idol, and made
many circles with a lighted taper in his hand. Tliu
same priest then approached tho idol, sounding a bell,
followed by a boy carrying n busin of prepared sandal-
wood. The priest walked three times round tho idol,
amidst the noise of drums and Hu tea. He then laid
aside tho bell, and dipping bis finger in the sandal
wood, placed it on the forehead of the idol. He next
took the idol out of tho palanquin, and placed it on
tho tribunal at the upper end of the temple. Lastly,
i* This dlbJim ii « nlugnlir if lie of utk|«Hy. It U ti tc :«ind In brngot
and canine* *11 orw ltd* *ud Bmraa. I« i- «U- apodal ul
Biidiiliir. Ho. It lr.n.f.r~l lo it- Holy Sc* U . ijiMUIon .Udi hi.ii.
np Dm SiW» of * I inly.
418
HISTORY OF INDIA.
CHAP. IX.
lkW«n. lilt
cyik »(
it tU p»ln. if
Y*»k upi.
he distributed amongst the people some slices of cocoa-
nut which had been offered to the idol. The lights
were then put out, the music ceased, and I he cere-
monial was brought to u close.
The Portuguese amlutssador and his party arrived
at Ikkeri in due course. The city wan seated in a
goodly plain. Della Valle aaya that he anil his party
passed through three gates with forts and ditches.
Consequently the city must have had three enclosures.
The two first lines were not walls, but fences of Ligb
Indian canes, very thick and closely planted ; strong
against horse or foot, hard to cut, uud not in duugcr
of fire. The third enclosure was a wall, but weak
anil inconsiderable. Ikkeri was a large city, but the
houses were scattered and ill built, especially those
outside the third enclosure. 'lost of the site was laid
out in great uud loug streets, some of them shadowed
with high lives growing in lakes of water. There
were also fields full of tree*, like groves ; =o that the
place seemed to consist of a city, lakes, fields, and
woods mingled together, forming a very delightful
sight.
After a day or two's delay, the Portuguese ambas-
sador obtained nu audience with Venk-tapn Nuik.
The party rode to the palace in procession, accom-
panied with drums and music. The palace stood in
a large fortress, environed with a ditch and some
badly-built bastions. Thera were also many streets
of houses and shops within the fortress. On reaching
the palace, the ambassador and his party found the
Raja seated on n raised pavement in a kind of porch
at the upper end of a small court. Over his head
was u canopy, shaped like a square tent, but made of
boards and covered with gilding. The floor was
MOGHUL EMPIRK-. CIVILISATION. AX'i
covered with a piece of tapestry somewhat old. The chap. ix.
Raja ant on a little quilc. having two cushions of
white siik at his back. Before him lay his sword
adorned with silver. On the right hand, aud behind
the Raja, stood several courtiers, one of whom con-
tinually waved a white fan before him, ns if to drive
away the Hies.
Yenk-tnpa Nailc chewed betel-leaves throughout »-»«.->«-
the conference. He asked the ambassador why the
Portuguese ships were so late this year, thereby
showing his disgust at the delay in the |uytnem for
the pepper. The ambassador replied that a Portu-
guese fleet was coming out to India with a great
army ; that the kings of Spain and Portugal hud
formed an nlliance with England ; that Princa
Charles of England was on a visit to the Court of
Madrid ; that all England had been reduced to the
Catholic faith bv the public command of the king of
Spain, "with other levities,” says Della Valle, "which
are peculiar to the Portuguese.”
Della Valle witnessed many sights at Ikkeri which
arc peculiarly Hindu. Several companies of young
girls danced in circles with painted sticks in their
hands aliout u spau long. They were dressed in
figured silks from the waist downwards, with linen
jackets and scarfs over their shoulders. Their beads
were decked with yellow and white flowers, formed
into a high and largo diadem, with some sticking
out like sunbeams, aud others twisted together and
hanging out in several fashions. A a they danced,
they struck their sticks together after a musical
measure, amidst the sound of drums and other in-
struments. They sang songs in honour of their
450
HISrOBV OP INDIA.
ctur. ix. goddess Gauri ; B one sang a verse at a time, and the
Others cLanted a chorus.
Mci>«i*ni' At another place Della Valle saw a beam set up at a
great height within the city. He was told that on
certain holidays devout people hung themselves ou
hooks from this beam, and song hymns in honour of
the god?., whilst brandishing their swords and bucklers 14
He also saw great chariots in which the gods were
earned in procession, whilst dancing women played,
sang, and danced. Many Indian friars were to be
seen in the city of Ikkcri, who were called Jangaiuas.
They were smeared with ashes, aud clad in extravagant
habits, with hoods or cowls of n reddish brick colour,
and bracelets on their anus and legs which jingled
as they walked."
RstranJ! t+rj On*- dancing woman showed extraordinary dex-
tcrity. She stood on one foot, and theu with the
other foot ahe turned a large iron riug swiftly in the
air without letting it fall from her toe. At the same
time she tossed two. balls alternately in the air with
one hand without letting one fall.
r. -'Mjf. 1 * Another day Della Valle saw the nephew of Venk-
tapa Nuik passing along the street of Ikkeri. He
was the eon of the Naik’e sister, and the next in suc-
cession to the throne. This was in accordance with
the custom of Kanara and Malabar. The succession
ran in the female line, falling to the sou of a sister,
and not to the son of a wife, in order to ensure a
* The fCiMfie GlUli It ottcue ; ill* ie ir1.irlit.rl wiili lKrrf.i, li-
>i(e uf Siv. or Hi_U.ro, tad »ilb Sirllrl, the «if* of Brtlinr.
* Tlrit -o Ur* welHwnrn Chink Puj*. *hici> It to often Holloed l<y
numxraery wTrttn. It »m fiourithltg.et OrdtulU withla Iho lut twenty
• *u» but woe uUlltiiitl iboitlM* by III* Brilirt Qorornnitrt.
* Farther uulioa crl three Jlsc-rmM tpp«r *•'" >■ O'" eerrtli>*.
■n*r pri'f.t of ti « U>1£»7W, or Licri wweUppere.
MOGHUL EMPIRE I CIVILISATION'.
ial
blood lineage. 3 The heir-apparent lo the Raj of _tiup ix.
Knnara was tiding on horseback attended by a great
number of soldiers. Lowe and foot. Ho was pre-
ceded by a band of barbarous music, whilst elephants
walked both before and behind.
One night Delia Valle met a woman in the streets I'rmi. "* '^ *
of lkkeri, who had lost her husband, and was bent^*^'*
on burning herself. She rode on horseback with
open face, holding n lookiug-gbss in one hand and a
lemon in the other. She went along singing and
chanting her farewell to the world, with such pas-
sionate language as aroused nil who heard her. She
was followed by many men and women, and some
carried an umbrella over her to do her honour.
Drums were sounded before her, and she never
cased to accompany the noise with her sad songs.
She shed no team, but her calm and constant coun-
tenance evidenced mure grief lor the death of her
husband, and more anxiety to join him in another
world, than regret for her departure out of this
life. Della Valle was told that she would ride in
procession iu this manner through the streets for a
certain number of days, and tlieu go out of the city
and l>e burned alive with more company and more
solemnity.
Della Valle saw tho great temple of lkkeri, which «
was dedicated to an idol named Aghoresvara.” The
idol was in the form of a man with one head and
3 Tha rektlxQB^Ip of » >i mo iro m thw* son Id U uo CouV.
u lo Ui* woili.r ; bat tl>, no of * »if. »o* nnonMte. u t'u*r» *>-
doobc iu u 111* r*lli«r. Till, In* ni inlt.riUoc. .tc«o from th« oobnuidid
l«csr of Ui* Li(tixr iiCin o f UalaUr iromin, wi-icb laJ liuSfnni into in
iiUUmloa.
• Tli. mini <1 tliii l.cnpl. or. «UI lo b- own- Tl.. god »*» a form A
Iran or Sin.
HISTORY OF INDIA.
452
cmr ix sixteen arm.". Veuk-tapu Naik had a particular devo-
tiou to tliis idol.
Cue evening tapers were lit in all the temples in
.nj caioaj Ikkeri ; a great noise was made with drums and
pipes, whilst priest3 began to dance before tho gates
of the temples. Della Valle went off to tho great
teuiplo of Agkoresv&ra. The people were called to-
gether by the sound of trumpets. The pnesta funned
n procession, carryiug two idols in one palanquin,
bnt the figures were so small, and so decked with
flpwera and ornaments, that. Della Valle could not
make them out/' The procession was accompanied
by music, torches, lances, streamers, and umbrellas.
There was u lung train of dancing girls, two by two,
decked in gold and jewels. There were other women,
marching on either side of the palanquin, carrying
little staves with long white horse-tails, with which
they fanned away the flies from the idols, in the same
way that the Pope was fanned when he went abroad
in pontificalibus. ^lanv prints accompanied the
idols, in this manner the procession entered the
piazza of the temple, and made a large ring or circle.
The women then saluted the idols, and begun to
dance, with much leaping, fencing, and other mad
gestures. The procession next moved outside the
temple round the outer enclosure, halting at intervals
to repent the salutations and dancing. At last tho
procession re-entered the temple, and tho ceremonies
were brought to a dose.
C'hw.iiK •< The next night was the new moon. All the temples
in Ikkcri were illuminated with candles and torches ;
so were all the streets, houses, and shops. Every
temple had its idol, and in some temples the idol was
11 Ouubtlcu lit*/ wct4 3iv* ur Uvatu, Uni ilia gt»6dc»A P Ln all <M Dd/^u.
MOGHUL EMPIRE : CIVILISATION.
453
8 serpent. Tho outer porches were illuminated in like ch»? ix.
manner, and adorned with transparencies of painted
horsemen, elephants, people lighting, and other odd
figures. A great concourse of men and women went
about the city visiting all the temples in Ikkcri.
Late at night Venk-t«pa came to the temple of
Aghoreavara with his two nephews, attended by a
large train of soldiers and servants. He was enter-
tained with music and dancing, and other perform-
ances or ceremonies which Della Valle could not see.
He stayed within the temple about an hour, uud then
returned to his palace.
Della Valle remarked that the Hindu worship oImuth..
the gods chiefly consisted in music, songs, and dances, mu- ••*•*»
and in serving the idolB as though the}' were living
beings. Thus the priests presented the idols with
things to eat, washod them, perfumed them, gave
them betel leaves, dyed them with Kin dal, and car-
ried them abroad in processions. The priests seemed
to devote but little time cither to prayers or study.
Della Valle asked an old priest of reputed learning
what books he had read. The priest replied that
books were only made to enable man to know God,
and that when God was known the books were
useless.
One day Della Valle saw salutations and dancing
performed in honour of an Indian friar, known as a u ‘
Jatigama. Water had been poured on the holy man,
and other ceremonies had been performed, like those
at the ordination of a Catholic priest or creation of a
Doctor. The newly-created Jungama was clad all in
white, and carried sitting m a handsome palanquin,
with two white umbrellas held over him, and u led
horse behind. He was followed by n great crowd of
?.*
451
HISTORY OF
chap, i* otlier Jangaina3, clad iu tlicir ordinary habits." A
largo company of soldiers and other people marched
in front of the palanquin with drum.-;, fifes, trumpets,
timbrels, and bells. Amongst them was a troop of
dancing girls adorned with girdles, necklaces, rings
upon their legs, and breastpin tea stuck with jewels,
but without any veil or head tire. This procession
entered the piazza of the great temple of AghoK-svara,
and there halted. The multitude formed a ring, and
the women began to daucc like the morris-dancers of
Italy, only they sang as they danced. One woman
danced by herself with extravagant aud high jumping,
but always lookiug towards the palanquin. Some-
times she cowered down with Lor haunches nearly
touching tile ground ; sometimes she leaped np and
struck her haunches with her feet Intckwnrds. Sho
wag continually singing and making gestures with
her hands, but. after a barbarous fashion. When the
dancing was over the palauquiu was carried through
the streets, halting at intervals for singing Hnd danc-
ing, until it went out. of the city to the dwelling-
house of the Jangama.
miki»m Meanwhile many persons came with much dovo-
o-j.i , j ou jq kigg the feet of the Jangamas who followed
the palanquin. These Indian friars were so nume-
rous, and the ceremony of kissing their feet occupied
so much time, that whenever a man came np, the
whole procession halted until the kissing was over.
Meanwhile the Jangamas assumed uirs of strict seve-
rity, and were to all appearaneo as much abstracted
from earthly things as Catholic friars whose garments
were being kissed by pious devotees.
The dancing girls did not confine their attention to
*14 Hit --
ST u fed oo*b, W»lm Ac. S~ a.iH. PUS <M.
MOOHT-L EMPIRE: CIVILISATION'.
455
gods and Jangamas. One day twelve or fifteen of these cm* i*.
damsels paid a visit to the quarters of the Portuguese
ambassador, under the conduct of some of their men.
They were all young, and all were courtesans, after
the manner of Indian dancing girls. They did no-
thing during the day but talk amongst themselves,
though some of them indulged in a little drinking.
At night they began to sing and dance, and snap
their wooden staves. One daure represented a little
and motions of slaughter. Towards the conclusion
the master of the ball danced in the midst of them
with a naked poignard, and represented the action of
slaughter with his poignard, just as the girls did with
their sticks.' 1 The end of tho entertainment was
most ridiculous. When tho girls were dismissed, they
were not satisfied with the largess of the ambassador,
Although Della Valle had added a like amount. Ac-
cordingly they went away 'testifying their discontent
with choleric veilings.
Tho conferences between the Portuguese ambassa-
dor nud Venk-tapa were brought to a close without
any incidents of interest. Venk-tapa Naik remained
in possession of the fort and territory of the Raja of
Banghel, but allowed a yearly pension of seven
thousand pagodas to the conquered Raja, so long
as he lived peaceably and attempted no further
commotions.
By this time Della Valle bad seen enough of Ikkeri,
arid determined to pay a visit to other Hindu capitals. U '“ ul -
Suddenly, to his great surprise, his money disap-
peared from his baggage. He was horrot-strickca at
» D*IU Vail. 1. tore dacribtag Ibt *i=* kitd dw«* » tb.t la -kith
lb. —ir* r.bb.,1 tbx •*» of Deo R». in lb. <->& of Firu*
Sfeifc. S». <i'K, sbip. iii.
456
HISTORY OF INDIA.
chap ix the idea of being left to perish amongst barbarians.
- Suspicion fell upon Gala], the young Muhammadan
servant front Persia, who was supposed by Della
Valle to have become a convert to Catholic Chris-
tianity. The convert was searched, and a long purse
of Spanish reals was found fastened to his waist. He
had evidently intended to leave his master to the
tender mercies of the heathen, and to squander the
stolen money on sinful pleasures in some neighbouring
territory. Della Valle discharged the thief, but being
afraid lest ho should relapse into Islam, he seut the
boy to Goa in the charge of trusty persona, together
with a letter explaining all that had happened.
ktcunw. The sequel of the story of Galal is told at a later
period. He managed to leave his custodians behind,
and to appear alone at flna, feigning that he had been
sent on to take a house, and make other preparations fot-
the coming of his master. Ho kept back Della Valle’s
letter, pretending that he had lost it at sea, and was
very importunate for money to provide all tilings
necessary. Suspicions, however, were excited, nud
money was refused ; and he then disappeared for ever.
It was believed that he had escaped to some Muham-
madan country, thrown off his Christianity, and re-
turned to the faith in Islam.
Mrutu»>r Meanwhile Della Valle left Ikkeri and procoeded
to the territory of the queen of Olnza, which bordered
on Mangalore. He found that travelling in Hindu
countries was very difficult on the score of diet.
Hindus were extremely fastidious in all such mut-
ters; neither fish nor flesh was to be obtained from
them ; nor would they supply inanimate things, such
as rice, butter, or milk, excepting as a great favour.
The people lived by cultivating rice, which was done
MOGHUL EMPIRE : CIVILISATION.
-157
by overflowing the soil with water ; but they com- rp.p i*
plained of the large tribute they were obliged to pay
to Venk-tapa, which reduced them to great poverty
notwithstanding their hard labour.
Della Valle made his way from Ikkeri to the For- p>"
tuguese port of Mangalore, which stood between the
territories of Olaza and Banghcl. This port was
situated at the mouth of two rivers ; one running
from the north through Banghel territory, and the
other running from the south through Olaza territory.
Both towns were within a mile or two of Mangalore.
Della Valle went to the town of Olaza. but found rca.
with :K«
that the queen was not there; she had gone to a , * mu4,w ***
place much farther inland, named MaocL A day or
two afterwards ho went to Monel in a bout, accom-
panied by a Christian servant and a Brahman inter-
preter. He was going to the baear to procure a
lodging in some house, when he saw the queen com-
ing on foot the same way. She was not attended by
women, but only by soldiers. Six soldiers walked
before her with swords and bucklers, but without any
clothing save a cloth round their loins and a kind of
scarf over the shoulders. Other soldiers walked behind
her in the same fashion, and one of them carried an
umbrella of palm leaves to shade her from the sun.
The queen of Olaza was as black as an Ethiopian. tVvr «f *•
She was corpulent and gross, but not heavy, for she
walked nimbly enough. She appeared to be about
forty years of age She wore a plain piece of cotton
cloth from her waist downwards ; but nothing at all
from her waist upwards, except a cloth about her
head, which hung down a little upou ber breast and
shoulders She walked barefooted, but that was the
custom of ull Hindu women, high and low, at homo
HISTORY Of INDIA.
458
CUP. TX
OiihrrfcM
IS*
M'tolc OW*«»
n».| the Hnmu
K'lUivlu
VJKO<4 0»ift
Marrtfi with
«u k»)» *»i
and abroad. Most of flic men were unshod in liko
manner ; a few of the g river sort wore sandals, hut
very few wore slices. Tho quoon was more like a
kitchen-maid or washerwoman than a noblo princess ;
but her voice was graceful, and she spoke like a
woman of judgment.
Delia Valle and his parti' stood on one side to
permit the queen to pass. She noticed his Roman
habit, and spoke to his Brahman interpreter. She
naked Della Valle through the Brahman what coun-
tries he ha«l visited, and what had brought him to
those woods of hers. Della Valle replied that he
only came to see her ; that lie had last a beloved
wife, and was a Yogi in all his thoughts, earing but
little what Iwtided him. At last she told him to go
and lodge at some house, and she would apeak to
him at some more convenient time. She then pro-
ceeded to the fields about a mile off to see some
trenche* that were being dug for conveying water
to certain lands.
The queen of Olaza had come into possesion of
her kingdom iu a peculiar manner. The succession
went as usual to the eon of a sister, and not to the
son of a wife. But the last Raja of Olaza had died
without leaving either sou or nephew. Accordingly
his wife succeeded him ; and when ahe died, she was
succeeded by her sister, the present queen.
After the queen of Olaza came to the throne, she
married the Raja of Banghel, the man who was after-
wards conquered by Veuk-tapa Naik. The queen
and tho Raja did not live together ns man and wife,
but met occasionally on the frontier of their respective
dominions, and dwelt together for awhile in tents.*’
It W UimiIj t*«a potato! out Is ■ lunnin wlaini Uni tbt MtliUir
MOGHUt L'MPIRK : CIVILISATION*.
450
The Raja had oilier wives, and the queen had other ch»i ix.
lovers; but they continued on good terms for years.
At last there was a quarrel, but Della Valle did i—
not know the cause. The queen divorced tiie
and sent him l>nck all the jewels he had given her as
his wife. The Raja was much offended and made
war upon her. One dry the Raja carried her off
prisoner ; but she managed to make her escape, and
then declared war against Banghol. Tho Raja called
in the aid of the Portuguese, and the queen called in
the aid of Venk-tapa Naik. In tho end Ycnk-tapn
Naik annexed the Raj of Bangliel, defeated tin:
Portuguese, and compelled the queen of Olaza to
cede a considerable territory.
The quecu had a son, aged twenty, who would sue- ,.i«r.
cccd to the kingdom after her death. She was said to
have poisoned an elder son, because, when he had
grown up, he tried to supplant her in the government
of the kingdom.**
Della Valle paid a visit to the palace in the absence
of the queen, and was entertained with a Hindu
dinner, at which lie astonished the queen’s son by
eating with a knife, fork, and spoon. 1 * A convcrsa-
annotrj <)• lb- Una d Arnunnv The 1-Rcml :• i- ! A b tV M*l>l Rifr«!»
pncbely u It «• 1-J4 in ll.r-dotua See *• Hietory of T"Hn," ml. I, JUS*
>* n-Ii* Valk h-niuwd to Ihe eury. but mob pi Me ind |Ketcamgi
hire almjr* bra common to Hindu *xd Moghul h-eurj.
*• Tb- dimer wm rak« in Hindu tuibbo and eeirwl up on lb- flow la
large «(-»H bk*a luurad nf deib« Id ibott d.jo the I'hIqzom* In lull*
folb>w*i tb« auiuplc oi utiroa in e*ling U1011 (coil with tlo ri*Dt buxL
D.|l» VlUe bid beau brought up in iLe rofluuoeot* of Iulj, lud crrlud >
knila, fork. >ud ipwi Wlh hlo. H« iwiled *l*lu.v tiu turtafeui ctutnoa
of Ilia Porvj*o~*, da&rieg t>.it Iba iu-iid **1 Tuibbh luidier *]w»j»
fiater-d It tpoou to ibt Ml of iii» ivord According!? ha •>! mu bKid
oa the How, and hi int n flion-r b Uie ItVhn Minn, onufc t->
Ihc wonderment *ul adair*«iun of the Hindu priuoa, who bed jeo\*bi? ettrr
earn a folk Wore.
HISTORY OP INDIA.
460
chap. i». tiou ensued between the Hindu prince and the Italiuu
stranger. 'J'ho prince asked quest ions about European
affaira. Delia Valle told hiui that the greatest
sovereign ir. Europe was my Lord the Pope, to whom
all othor potentates owed obedience. Next to the
Pope came the Emperor of Germany. France was the
first nation in Europe. Spain had the largest territory
and the most riches- Della Valle added that the king
of Spain and Portugal, who was no much esteemed in
India, paid .tribute to the Pope, and held his kingdoms
of his Holiness in homage. Accordingly the Hindu
prince had a great conceit of the Pope.
x*»r«tM.D The prince of Olaza also talked to Della Valle
about the Muhammadan sovereigns in Asia. Ifo
especially cried up the Moghul. Della Valle told
him that in Europe the Moghul was held to be the
richest in treasure, but that otherwise the Turk uud
the Persian were iu higher esteem. The Moghul had
more subjects than the two others, but they were not
fitted for war, as appeared in a recent war with Persia.
The Hindu prince professed to regard Shah Abbas,
the sovereign of Persia, as a great soldier and captain ;
and Delhi Valle related how for a long time ho had
been familiar with Shah Abbas, and received from
him many favours.
n-n. ».t), t.- The prince also spoke concerning European com-
modiciea, and especially of such as were brought to
India, lie asked Della Valle if he had any goods
to sell or bargain, such as pearls or jewels. Like
other Hindu priuces, ho hod been accustomed to deal
with the Portuguese, who were all engaged in trade
from the very highest downwards. Della Valle
stood on his nobility. “ In his country," he Raid,
“ the nobles had nothing to do with traffic ; thpy
MOGHUL empire: civilisation.
4GL
only conversed with arms or books." The prince ciur. ix.
expressed an anxiety to procure a horse from Italy ;
and this was not surprising. The native breeds iu
India were very poor. The only good horses were
brought from Arabia or Persia, anil every Portuguese,
even of the highest rank, wan ready to sell such homes
to Indian grandees. Della Valle, however, would
listen to no proposals that savoured of trade. ‘lie
would not sell a horse to the priuce, but he promised,
if possible, to send oue a* a present after liis return to
Rome.
The queen of Olaza never sent for Della Valle.
She walked every morning to the fields, and returned v *' “
to the i>jilace at- night, and busied herself in giving
nudiences to her subjects and administering justice.
Della Valle once tried to speak to her in the fields,
hut she told him to go home, ami she would send for
him in the evening. The night, however, passed
away without any message from the queen, and he
concluded that she was afraid of being obliged to
make him n present. As it was, he returned to
Mangalore, and never saw her again.
Whilst at Mangalore, Della Valle paid a visit to a r,« u*
celebrated personage, who was known os the " king '«>•"
of the Yogis." A certain circle of laud had been
given to the Yogis by a former Raja of Bunghel. It
comprised a hermitage, a temple, and certain habita-
tions of Yogis, together with lands and villages that
yielded a yearly revenue. One Yogi was placed in
charge, and waB known as the king, and when he
died a successor was chosen by election. The Yogis
were not. bound to obey their king, but only to pay
him reverenco and honour. They went wherever
they listed, and were generally dispersed amongst
462
HISTORY OP INDIA.
CHAP. IX
ll'trvilm of
li*. kit*.
V-lUt»- 7.u*
ft* -'c.i.m:
I'Uy au) tux:
differeut temples ; but at festival times they assembled
ill considerable numbers near the hermitage and were
feasted by their king. The yearly revenue of the
territory was about six thousand pagodas, equal to
nearly three thousand pounds sterling; ami was
mostly spent on the maintenance of the king and his
servants and labourers, or on the festival entertain-
ments to the Yogis, whilst the remainder was devoted
to the service of the temple and idols. Venk-tftpa
Niuk hiul not as yet exacted any tribute from the
king of the Yogis, bul it was believed that ho would
take an early opportunity of doing so.
I)cdla Valle found the kiug of the Yogis employed
in business of a mean soil, like a peasant or villager.
He was an old man with a loug white beard, but
strong and lusty. He had ft golden liead hanging
from each oar about the size of a musket -bullet ; ami
ho wore a little red cap on his head like those worn
by Italian galley slaves. He Rcnmed n man of
judgment, but was without learning. He told Della
Vallo that formerly he had hones, elephants, palan-
quins, and a great equipage und power; but that
Vcuk-tupft Naik hod token all away, so that he had
but very little left.
Delia Valle next paid a visit to Calicut, the capital
of the Zaiuorin of Malabar. A Portuguese licet was
proceeding to Calicut, and the admiral of the fleet
was going tia ambassador to bring about a recon-
ciliation between the Zauiorin and his hereditary
•
enemy, the Raja of Cochin, who was a firm and
ancient ally of Portugal. Della Valle sailed with the
fleet, and as usual had his eyes and ears open to nil
that was going on.
The coast was iufested by Malabar corsairs, who
MOGHUL SMPlitE: CIVILISATION'.
4G3
fled up the creeks and rivers at tfio approach of the chap ix
P ortuguese. At Calicut Della Valle went ashore
with the captain of his ship and some others, mul
strolied about the town and bazar, whilst the Por-
tuguese ambassador was endeavouring to persuade
the Zntnorin to make peace with the Cochin Raja.
The afreets were long nud narrow. The houses were
mere huta built of mud and palin leaves. The bazar
was largely supplied with provisions and other neces-
saries, hut with few articles of clothing, as neither
men nor women wore anything except a small piece
of cotton or silk hanging from their girdles to their
knees.
The Letter sort, of people were Hindus, especially
those inland, and mostly belonged to the soldier
caste, known impairs. The sea-coast was inhabited
by Malabar Muhammadans, who lived amongst the
Hindus and spoke their language, hut differed from
them in religion. The corsairs who infested the
coast were Malabar Muhammadans, and Della Valle
saw much of their plunder exposed in the bazar,
such as Portuguese swords, arms, Woks, and clothes,
which had been taken from Portuguese ships. No
Christian durst buy such articles for fear of being
excommunicated by the Catholic clergy.
Meanwhile the Zaraoriu had been much troubled wi-,m.
by the demand of the Portuguese admiral He
was willing to be at peace with Portugal, hut ho
would not come to terms with the Raja of Cochin.**
He heard that strangers from the fleet were wun-
deriug about the city, and lie sent for them to the
* The ijiirtcl um ooe »boul u««. Ti« R» ja ci Cochin o&Med to belong
to » hlgbui (UK Uan the Zaiuiid ut Colieul, u*l ihia nu on iSroi.t *LfeU
could not U forjilCB.
4G4
HISTORY OF INDIA.
<iup. ix palace ia tlie hope of inducing them to plead hi?
cause.
*H*in"'‘ MU * Della Valle and his companions were nshered into
a small court where a number of courtier? were in
attendance, and told to ait down ou a raised pave-
ment. Presently, two girls, about, twelve years of
age, entered the court. They had no clothes beyond
a blue cloth rouud their loiua, but their arms, cars,
uad neck? were covered with ornaments of gold and
precious stones. They were the daughters, not of tht
Zamorin, but of his sister, who was styled the queen.
They expressed wonder at the strangers, and especially
at their clothing. Shortly afterwards the Zamorin
made his appearance, accompanied by more courtiers,
all of whom were equally devoid of clothing. But.
in spite of their nudity, there was much etiquette and
ceremony. The Zamorin was a young man of thirty,
with a handsome presence and long beard. He was
loaded with jewels, but wore nothing but a cloth
hanging from his girdle. He carried a staff in his
hand, on which lie leaned in a standing posture, and
received the salutations of the European strangers
with smile3 and courtesies, whilst his great men
stood beside him with joined hands. Round about
the court were cloistered galleries filled with women,
and amongst them was the queen's sister, abundantly
adorned with jewels, but with no more clothing than
her daughters.
Kir""* , *'* IC “ e S 0 ‘ 5at > 0 “ bad no result, for Della Valle and
his comrades knew nothing of the relations lietween
the Zamorin and the Portuguese. Subsequently it
* IMU Valle mjb Out on lUU Ofetiiofft the Z*roorm to* & whit* v*»t.
,u#e *> nwrm Noo# of hit X*in vrrrw til.i**) to w**z a Te*t-
mrnt at wj virnc.
MOGUL'!, EMPIRE : CIVILISATION.
4G5
was known that thoZamoriu lia«l rejected t lie over- ,nm
tures uf the Portuguese admiral, and utterly refused
Ui mako peace with the Cochin Raja, and the Por-
tugue8« fleet returned to Goa with a sense of
failure,
Della Valle describes the peculiar customs of Mala- *.ir..fv.i,u»
bar. The Naira, or soldier caste, formed no marriage
t:es. Every woman was supported by a sot of lovers,
and received them in turns. Whenever a Nair visited
a woman he left his weapons at the door, which sufficed
to keep out all intruders. The children hud uo regard
for their Cithers, and all questions of descent were
decided by the mother. The sisters of a Raja ch<»e
what lovers they pleased, but only from the castes of
Naira and Brahmans.
When two Rajas were at war, their persons were .1
deemed sacred. No one ever fought a Raja, or even
struck a blow at his royal umbrella. To abed the
blood of a Raja was regarded as n heinous sin, and
would be followed by a terrible revenge, known as an
“ Amok." If a Zaiuorin was killed, his subjects ran
"Amok” for a whole day. A Cochin Raja belonged
to a higher caste, and if he were slain his subjects
ran " Amok " for a whole year, or, as sonic said, for
the rest of their lives.
Della Valle returned to Goa, and thence to Europe
vid Bassorah and Aleppo. lu March 1624, before ho
left Goa, news arrived that the Emperor Jehongfr
had put to death all the English at •his court, and
ordered the imprisonment of all who were at Surat.
It was said that the English had brought these
troubles upon themselves from having seized some of
the Moghul's ships at sen, in order to procure redrew
for certain grievances. The story is not improbable,
HISTORY* OK INDIA.
<JGG
cn*r. is. l>ut cau only be clean’d up by reference to contcm-
poraiy English records.
IZXi"- John Baptista Tavbbsieb, the emineut French
jewel merelianr, travelled several times iu India
between 1611 and 1GG8, some twenty or thirty years
after the departure of Della Valle, lie was emphati-
cally a man of a business turn of mind, and his hook
of travels was written more for the information and
amusement of business men than for the wits ami
scholars of his time."
lUMnfteuftr- Tavernier never went to India round the Cape,
although he ultimately went home that way. He was
familiar with the sea and land routes from Persia to
India. Me had sailed from the Persian Gulf to Surat.
He had also travelled along the laud route from
Ispahan to Agra vid Kandahar, Kdbul, Lahore, and
Delhi. He seems to have fixed hia headquarters
alternately at Surat and Agra.
r^ir.i -...a r ldie travels of Tavernier within the limits of India
vlthin tli* Uaixa
triune were on an extensive deale. Me undercook journeys
from Surat to Agra by two different routes; the one
rid Burhanpur, Iudore, and Gwalior, and the other
rid Bnroda and Ahuiadalxid. He must have been
thoroughly conversant with Afghanistan, flu; Punjab,
and Hiudostan ; for his course of travel carried him
from Ispahan to Agin, and cLeueo to Bengal, through
\he cities of Allahabad, Benares, Patna, Rajmnhal,
Dacca, and Hughli. He must have been equally cou-
vereaut with theDekhan, for he went from Surat to
“ ' 7il " X* '“TO- ‘>f J-Un B.[4i.U T.r.iui.r Tutu? i U !„
r.Hit U» E»l Icdln" TnufaMd raw EmIUL by J pkUIu. roll..
London. 1679.
MOGHUL EMPIRE I .CIVILISATION <1G7
Golkonda vid Deoghur ; “ from Agra to Golkonda, cu.g ix
also rid Deoghur ; aud from Golkonda eastward to
Masulipatam, on the coast of Coromandel, He must
also have been tolerably familiar with the Peninsula,
for he went from Musulipatam south to the Dutch
settlement at Pulieat, the English settlement at
Madras, and the Portuguese settlement at St. Thome.
From Madras, he returned northward to Golkonda
vid Gondikotu, which at that time was the strongest
fortress in the Lower Carnatic, lu a word, Tavernier
travelled through Hindustan, the Dekhan, aud the
Lower Ciruutic ; but he knew nothing of the Upper
Carnatic in the western half of the Peninsula, and
consequently knew nothing of lvanara and Malabar,
which were the scene of Della Valle’s travels."
The journeys of Tavernier were conducted with cu.‘.»u-.
that measured leisure which characterised all Indian
travelling before the introduction of railways. In-
deed, Tavernier says that travelling in India was
more commodious than in France or Ijaly. The
traveller did not use horses nr asses, but either rode
on an ox or was carried iu a coach or palanquin. In
buying an ox for riding, it was necessary to see tliat
the horns wei'e not more than a foot long ; for if the
lieast. was stung by flics, lie would tosi buck his
horns into the stomach of the rider.
The unlives of India generally travelled in little c«-u. dm.
couches drawn by two oxen ami carrying two persons.
Tavernier, however, states that it was more comfort-
able for a European traveller to go alone, and take
" Id Iriolns llic root*. 1 4 Tavrmi.r mu Him mud. in m«ju ..f ImlU, U tmy
W n> Bell to t-Mr in nin4 ihai &Alomln »-■ riu.ii l. ti» mud.m eiij .1
HyvUri’u*!, ir.d wet ofttn ecrifmiB^fd witii Hjdera^r.l.
** TarerDkr U+* of city of Ci»:U!*, u» Uc lu
«*2<tnra bj tit D*»ub.
■I H8
HISTORY OP INDIA,
ix his cloak-bag with him; whilst there was a place
under iho coach for holding provisions and a small
vessel for wine. Tavernier had a coach built for him
after the French fashion : the cost of the lum-out,
including the two oxen, amounted to sis hundred
rupees. Home of these oxen would travel on the trot
from twelve to fifteen leugucs a day for sixty clays
together. When the oxen had gone half a day’s
journey, they were refreshed with two or three balls
of wheat kneaded with butter and bluck bugnr, about
as big as twopeuny loaves. The hire of a coach was
about a i-upec a clay. It took forty days to go front
Surat to Agra, und another forty days to go from
Surat to Golkonda, and the journey on each occasion
cost from forty to forty-five rupees,
rjunuu. Those travellers who had more money to spend
went in a palanquin. This was ft little couch, six or
seven feet long aud three feet broad, with balistets
nil round it. It was covered with satin or cloth of
gold, and carried* on a bamboo, whilst a slave walked
by the sunny side with an umbrella. A palanquin
was mostly carried by six men, three at each end,
and they ran along much faster than sedan-bearers in
France. Tho pay of a palanquin-bearer was four
rupees a month ; but if the journey exceeded sixty
days, the pay was five rupees.
* ravc l honourably in a couch or ]trdanquiii, it
was necessary to hire twenty or thirty armed men,
some with lows and arrows nud others with muskets :
they were paid at the same rate ns the palanquin-
hearers. Sometimes, for more magnificence, a banner
was earned ; and tbo English and Dutch merchants
always carried a flag for the honour of their respective
companies. The soldiers were necessary for defence
MOGHUL EMPIRE I CIVILISATION'. 400
as well ns show, and they kept sentries at night and r«»p i*.
relieved each other. They were always anxious to
give satisfaction, for in the towns where they were
engaged they had n chieftain who was responsible
for their fidelity, and every man paid two rupees to
his chieftain in return for his good worth
Tavernier makes no complaints of the roads chat
traversed the Moghul empire in Hindustan. The
Moghuls, like the Roman--, teem to Lave paid much
attention to the roads, for the sake of maintaining
their authority in the more remote provinces and
suppressing insurrections or revolts. Farther south
the roads were not so good. The highway in the
Dekhan, running from Hyderabad to Masulipataui,
traveled the- territories of the Sultan of Golkonda ;
it was impassable for waggons on account of the
mountains, lakes, and rivers between Hyderabad and
the coast of Coromandel The road from Hyderabad
to Cape Comorin ran through the Hindu kingdoms of
the Peninsula, and was so bad that nil goods were
carried on the hacks of oxen. Travellers were unable
to drive in coaches along this road, and were couse-
quently curried in palanquins ; but the bearers ran so
swiftly that travelling in the Peninsula was more easy
and rapid than in any other port of India.*'
Tavernier found the same difficulties os regards rum
provisions ns are mentioned by Della Valle, lu the
greater villages there was generally a Muhammadan in
command, and it was possible to buy mutton, fowls,
or pigeons. But when the villages were ouly occupied
•' Tin ■tu« ol lhlt.51 dflimbM l.j r»v»rai«r pretsile) cowii ti 1U0 0i»t
notxur rf Uih jB-ni C.11IU17. Wilhlu it- Bwrnorj U Jugli-Uiinu .‘_U
livi“c. all tnwUiog in tun ?*. iu»uU c.r^J acted iu |»*! attain a.
470
Hisiony o r india.
cnw. ix.
T<*ito4 M«ot
Un4 (WT*«|».
r inrui of
**♦»
by Hindu Banians, (Loro was nothing to bo had but
Hour, rice, hcrba, and milk meats.
Sometimes the heat rendered it advisable to travel
by night and rest during the day. At such times it
was necessary to depart out of all fortified towns
before sunset ; for the commandant of the place was
responsible for all robberies, uud shut the gales at
nightfall. Tavernier always bought his provisions
and went out of the town in good time, and staved
under some tree or in the fresh air until it was cool
enough to begin thu journey.
One remarkable institution was that of foot-poets,
who carried letters faster than horsemen. At the
cud of every sis nrilcs on a line of route there wag a
little hut, and men were always there in readiness („
run a stage. When a runner reached a hut, lie threw
the letters on the ground, as it was a bad omen
to give them into a messenger's hand. The nest
appointed runner picked them up and carried them
to the next stage ; ami in this way letters could be
sent over Lite greater part of tho Moghul empire.
Hie highways in India were mostly known by the
tree3 on either side. In the absence of trees, a heap
of stones was set up at every five hundred paces;
and the people of the nearest village were hound to
keep the heap whitewashed, so that when the nights
were dark and stormy the post-runners might not
lose their way.
All goods in Indiu were either curried l»y osen or
in waggons draw u by oxen. Horses mid asses were
never used. Sometimes camels were employed, but
only to carry the luggage of great personages.
Sometimes ten or twelve thousand oxen were to
be seen, all laden with corn, rice, pulse, or salt, at
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